{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:14:41Z","timestamp":1790234081418,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,21]],"date-time":"2016-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1469059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,21]],"date-time":"2016-07-21T17:43:46Z","timestamp":1469123026000},"page":"e0159186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Women's Education and Health Inequalities in Under-Five Mortality in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries, 1990\u20132015"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Aristide Romaric","family":"Bado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Sathiya Susuman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund Levels and trends in child mortality, Report 2014; New York, NY, 2014."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001303","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001303","article-title":"Child mortality estimation: accelerated progress in reducing global child mortality, 1990\u20132010","volume":"9","author":"K. Hill","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"1256","article-title":"Factors associated with trends in infant and child mortality in developing countries during the 1990s","volume":"78","author":"S. O. Rutstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00528.x","article-title":"Decline of mortality in children in rural Gambia: The influence of village-level Primary Health Care","volume":"5","author":"A. G. Hill","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Heal"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0094","article-title":"Community Health Workers and Stand-Alone or Integrated Case Management of Malaria: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"91","author":"L Smith Paintain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088939","article-title":"Monitoring child mortality through community health worker reporting of births and deaths in Malawi: Validation against a household mortality survey","volume":"9","author":"A Amouzou","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii71","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czu074","article-title":"Addressing the social determinants of health: a case study from the Mitanin (community health worker) programme in India","author":"S. Nandi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-10","article-title":"Impact of cyfluthrin (Solfac EW050) impregnated bed nets on malaria transmission in the city of Mbandjock: lessons for the nationwide distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) in Cameroon","volume":"6","author":"C. Antonio-Nkondjio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Witter, S. Mapping user fees for health care in high-mortality countries\u2013evidence from a recent survey. 2010."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61376-2","article-title":"Reduction in child mortality in Niger: A Countdown to 2015 country case study","volume":"380","author":"A. Amouzou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Ridde V., R. Heinmueller and S. Haddad. User fees exemption for children tested in Burkina Faso improved equity. Policy brief, 2011. CRCHUM\/HELP\/ECHO: Montreal. p. 4. (<ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.medsp.umontreal.ca\/vesa-tc\/ressrc.htm\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.medsp.umontreal.ca\/vesa-tc\/ressrc.htm<\/ext-link>)"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Johri, M.; Ridde, V.; Heinm\u00fcller, R.; Sossa, F.; Haddad, S. The lives of between 14 000 and 19 000 children under five could be saved by a national scaling-up of the user fees exemption tested in the Sahel region of Burkina Faso 2013, 1\u20134."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120903112351","article-title":"Social protection to support vulnerable children and families: the potential of cash transfers to protect education, health and nutrition","volume":"21","author":"M. Adato","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/19439340902924043","article-title":"The impact of conditional cash transfer programmes on child nutrition: a review of evidence using a programme theory framework","volume":"1","author":"J. L. Leroy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dev. Eff"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62168-0","article-title":"Effects of unconditional and conditional cash transfers on child health and development in Zimbabwe: A cluster-randomised trial","volume":"381","author":"L Robertson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2010.11.020","article-title":"The impact of the Social Cash Transfer Scheme on food security in Malawi","volume":"36","author":"C. M. Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60358-X","article-title":"Cash-transfer programmes in developing countries","volume":"381","author":"S. Gilmour","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60678-2","article-title":"Countdown to 2015 decade report (2000\u201310): taking stock of maternal, newborn, and child survival","volume":"375","author":"ZA Bhutta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.5.726","article-title":"Child Health: Reaching the Poor","volume":"94","author":"A Wagstaff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031210-101218","article-title":"The social determinants of health: coming of age","volume":"32","author":"P. Braveman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.22.2879","article-title":"Socioeconomic status in health research: one size does not fit all","volume":"294","author":"P. Braveman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.21.1.543","article-title":"Income inequality and health: what does the literature tell us?","volume":"21","author":"A Wagstaff","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Heal"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"97","article-title":"Poverty and health sector inequalities","volume":"80","author":"A. Wagstaff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull. Heal. Organ"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity Through Action on the Social Determinants of Health: Commission on Social Determinants of Health Final Report.; 2008; Vol. 53."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.2307\/2173888","article-title":"Education as a factor in mortality decline an examination of Nigerian data","volume":"33","author":"J. C. Caldwell","year":"1979","journal-title":"Popul. Stud. (NY)"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"224","article-title":"How is greater maternal education translated into lower child mortality?","volume":"4","author":"J. C. Caldwell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Heal. Transit. Rev"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"159","article-title":"Women\u2019s education, child welfare and child survival: a review of the evidence","volume":"3","author":"J. Hobcraft","year":"1993","journal-title":"Health Transit. Rev"},{"key":"ref28","author":"C. Ouedraogo","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(93)90241-U","article-title":"Maternal education and child survival: a comparative study of survey data from 17 countries","volume":"36","author":"G. T. Bicego","year":"1993","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.2307\/2137775","article-title":"Health Programs, Maternal Education, and Differential Child Mortality in Matlab, Bangladesh","volume":"21","author":"P. K. Muhuri","year":"1995","journal-title":"Popul. Dev. Rev"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Maternal education and micro-geographic disparities in nutritional status among school-aged children in rural Northwestern China","author":"C Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2307\/3004028","article-title":"Maternal education and child health: is there a strong causal relationship?","volume":"35","author":"S. Desai","year":"1998","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2012.05.007","article-title":"Parental Education and Child Health-Understanding the Pathways of Impact in Pakistan","volume":"40","author":"M. Aslam","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Dev"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Undesa The World\u2019s Women 2010; 2010."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.4054\/DemRes.2013.28.38","article-title":"A stata module for computing fertility rates and TFRs from birth histories: Tfr2","volume":"28","author":"B. Schoumaker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Demogr. Res"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1001000104","article-title":"Direct and indirect effects in a logit model","volume":"10","author":"M. L. Buis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stata J"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"Ma\u00efga EWH. The Impact of Mother\u2019s Education on Child Health and Nutrition in Developing Countries: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Burkina Faso. African Center for Economic Transformation. Accra, Ghana; 2011. Report No.: I15, I25, I28."},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"14","article-title":"Community Factors Influencing Birth Spacing among Married Women in Uganda and Zimbabwe","volume":"19","author":"C. Mcguire","year":"2015","journal-title":"Afr. J. Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2002.0017","article-title":"Education and Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"39","author":"O Kravdal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"177","article-title":"Maternal education, female labour force participation and child mortality: evidence from the Indian census","volume":"3","author":"V. B. Tulasidhar","year":"1993","journal-title":"Health Transit. Rev"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.08.057","article-title":"Low levels of maternal education and the proximate determinants of childhood mortality: A little learning is not a dangerous thing","volume":"60","author":"A. M. Basu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244014545474","article-title":"Mothers\u2019 Characteristics and Immunization Status of Under-Five Children in Ojo Local Government Area, Lagos State, Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"J. L. Oyefara","year":"2014","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldp048","article-title":"Socio-economic inequalities in childhood mortality in low- and middle-income countries: a review of the international evidence","volume":"93","author":"T. A. J. Houweling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Measuring health inequality among children in developing countries: does the choice of the indicator of economic status matter?","volume":"12","author":"T. A. J. Houweling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Equity Health"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02497.x","article-title":"How access to health care relates to under-five mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: Systematic review","volume":"15","author":"M. E. Rutherford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Heal"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"CD009094","article-title":"The impact of user fees on access to health services in low- and middle-income countries","author":"M. Lagarde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"0048","article-title":"Effect of removing direct payment for health care on utilisation and health outcomes in Ghanaian children: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"V. Ridde","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0159186","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,3]],"date-time":"2022-07-03T16:16:35Z","timestamp":1656864995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0159186"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"David O.","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,21]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0159186","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,21]]}}}