{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:11:41Z","timestamp":1791241901023,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,24]],"date-time":"2016-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1471996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,24]],"date-time":"2016-08-24T17:53:54Z","timestamp":1472061234000},"page":"e0161272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluating Perceived Probability of Threat-Relevant Outcomes and Temporal Orientation in Flying Phobia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"Mavromoustakos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin I.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam J.","family":"Rock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders\u2014Fifth Edition (DSM-5)","year":"2013"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2010.10.001","article-title":"The psychology of fear of flying (part I): A critical evaluation of current perspectives on the nature, prevalence and etiology of fear of flying","volume":"8","author":"M Oakes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-6185(92)90003-P","article-title":"Fear of flying in agoraphobia and simple phobia: Distinguishing features","volume":"6","author":"RJ McNally","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2008.06.001","article-title":"The Flight Anxiety Situations Questionnaire and the Flight Anxiety Modality Questionnaire: Norms for people with fear of flying","volume":"6","author":"A Nousi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Aviation mental health: Psychological implications for air transportation","author":"R Bor","year":"2006"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-010-9346-7","article-title":"The nature of threat: Enhanced recall of internal threat words in fear of flying","volume":"36","author":"A Vanden Bogaerde","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(97)00009-1","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of Flight Phobia","volume":"11","author":"FH Wilhelm","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.1991.tb00584.x","article-title":"Nonstop Flying Is Safer Than Driving","volume":"11","author":"M Sivak","year":"1991","journal-title":"Risk Analysis"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Basic Books","author":"AT Beck","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Cognitive therapy of anxiety disorders: Science and practice","author":"DA Clark","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6402(92)90010-L","article-title":"Classical conditioning and the acquisition of human fears and phobias: A review and synthesis of the literature","volume":"14","author":"GCL Davey","year":"1992","journal-title":"Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780198528883.001.0001","article-title":"Cognitive behavioural processes across psychological disorders: A transdiagnostic approach to research and treatment","author":"AG Harvey","year":"2004"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00017-X","article-title":"Cognitive assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"35","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.105.3.433","article-title":"Cognitive biases in generalized social phobia","volume":"105","author":"EB Foa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-6185(92)90001-N","article-title":"Selective attention toward physical threat in patients with panic disorder","volume":"6","author":"GJG Asmundson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.99.1.20","article-title":"Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information","volume":"99","author":"EB Foa","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6402(83)90015-2","article-title":"Cognitive processes in anxiety","volume":"5","author":"G Butler","year":"1983","journal-title":"Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(88)90081-2","article-title":"Cognitive factors in social anxiety and its treatment","volume":"26","author":"MP Lucock","year":"1988","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01183859","article-title":"Cognition and agoraphobia: Bias in the interpretation of threat","volume":"11","author":"RJ McNally","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00151-5","article-title":"Probability ratings in claustrophobic patients and normal controls","volume":"38","author":"L-G \u00d6st","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005595513315","article-title":"Anticipated reactions to social events: Differences among individuals with generalized social phobia, obsessive compulsive disorder, and nonanxious controls","volume":"24","author":"E Gilboa-Schechtman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(73)90033-9","article-title":"Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability","volume":"5","author":"A Tversky","year":"1973","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1031(78)90062-8","article-title":"The effect of imagining an event on expectations for the event: An interpretation in terms of the availability heuristic","volume":"14","author":"JS Carroll","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167285111011","article-title":"Imagining can heighten or lower the perceived likelihood of contracting a disease: The mediating effect of ease of imagery","volume":"11","author":"SJ Sherman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.11.001","article-title":"The future of memory: Remembering, imagining, and the brain","volume":"76","author":"DL Schacter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2007.04.006","article-title":"Episodic future thought and its relation to remembering: Evidence from ratings of subjective experience","volume":"17","author":"KK Szpunar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691610362350","article-title":"Episodic future thought: An emerging concept","volume":"5","author":"KK Szpunar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.77.6.1271","article-title":"Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric","volume":"77","author":"PG Zimbardo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Field theory in the social sciences: Selected theoretical papers","author":"K Lewin","year":"1951"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e303","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.303","article-title":"A happier and less sinister past, a more hedonistic and less fatalistic present and a more structured future: time perspective and well-being","volume":"2","author":"U Sailer","year":"2014","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2011.03.006","article-title":"Individual differences in time perspective predict autonoetic experience","volume":"20","author":"KM Arnold","year":"2011","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.117.4.371","article-title":"Phenomenal characteristics of memories for perceived and imagined autobiographical events","volume":"117","author":"MK Johnson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"SOAR: The breakthrough treatment for fear of flying","author":"T Bunn","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00754","article-title":"Processes Contributing to the Maintenance of Flying Phobia: A Narrative Review","volume":"7","author":"GI Clark","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00076-5","article-title":"Danger expectancies, self-efficacy and insight in spider phobia","volume":"38","author":"MK Jones","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.11.2.146","article-title":"Construction and psychometric characteristics of two self-report questionnaires for the assessment of fear of flying","volume":"11","author":"LJ Van Gerwen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024938411949","article-title":"Irrational cognitions and the fear of flying","volume":"16","author":"AT M\u00f6ller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of rational-emotive and cognitive-behavior therapy"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Statistics for the behavioral sciences","author":"FJ Gravetter","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Using Multivariate Statistics","author":"BG Tabachnick","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00048-0","article-title":"Anxiety disorders: why they persist and how to treat them","volume":"37","author":"DM Clark","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"2591","article-title":"Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy integrated with systematic desensitization, cognitive behavioral therapy combined with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy combined with virtual reality exposure therapy methods in the treatment of flight anxiety: a randomized trial","volume":"11","author":"MT Triscari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.56.6.893","article-title":"An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties","volume":"56","author":"AT Beck","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Manual for the beck depression inventory-II","author":"AT Beck","year":"1996"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.63.5.711","article-title":"Future-event schemas and certainty about the future: Automaticity in depressives' future-event predictions","volume":"63","author":"SM Andersen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181ad4d17","article-title":"Comorbidity of Depressive and Anxiety Disorders for Older Americans in the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication","volume":"17","author":"B King-Kallimanis","year":"2009","journal-title":"The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707000086","article-title":"The epidemiology of DSM-IV specific phobia in the USA: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions","volume":"37","author":"FS Stinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2015.09.005","article-title":"Episodic future thinking in generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"36","author":"JQ Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-005-1650-2","article-title":"Fear and avoidance of internal experiences in GAD: Preliminary tests of a conceptual model","volume":"29","author":"L Roemer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610082104","article-title":"Neural substrates of envisioning the future","volume":"104","author":"KK Szpunar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.59.2.93","article-title":"Should we trust web-based studies? A comparative analysis of six preconceptions about internet questionnaires","volume":"59","author":"SD Gosling","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Psychologist"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0161272","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T12:05:01Z","timestamp":1589025901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0161272"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Tifei","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,24]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0161272","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,24]]}}}