{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T23:10:37Z","timestamp":1785453037608,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]],"date-time":"2016-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007225","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSC 99-2314-B-002-138-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC 99-2314-B-002-138-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007225","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]],"date-time":"2016-09-09T18:17:33Z","timestamp":1473445053000},"page":"e0162383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Detecting Visual Function Abnormality with a Contrast-Dependent Visual Test in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Li-Ting","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuo-Meng","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuh","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fu-Chang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Chi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6865","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1038\/414782a","article-title":"Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic","volume":"414","author":"P Zimmet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12119","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Type 2 diabetes in developing and developed countries","volume":"30","author":"LM Ruta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20120588","article-title":"Advances in our understanding of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"125","author":"AW Stitt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.2337\/db05-1635","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy: seeing beyond glucose-induced microvascular disease","volume":"55","author":"DA Antonetti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2012-302005","article-title":"Neurodegeneration is an early event in diabetic retinopathy: therapeutic implications","volume":"96","author":"R Simo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.2174\/157339912800840479","article-title":"Corneal changes in diabetes mellitus","volume":"8","author":"G Bikbova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.10.022","article-title":"Dry eye in diabetic patients","volume":"139","author":"I Kaiserman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.03.002","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy: neuron protection as a therapeutic target","volume":"45","author":"X Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0139148","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139148","article-title":"Results of Automated Retinal Image Analysis for Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy from the Nakuru Study, Kenya","volume":"10","author":"MB Hansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Contemporary Retinal Imaging Techniques in Diabetic Retinopathy: a review","author":"ED Cole","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-007-0012-9","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of lens opacities among Chinese type 2 diabetics in Kinmen, Taiwan","volume":"45","author":"SJ Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2003.tb03097.x","article-title":"Letter contrast sensitivity changes in early diabetic retinopathy","volume":"86","author":"EP Stavrou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1998.97000434.x","article-title":"Early detection of changes in visual function in diabetes mellitus","volume":"18","author":"GM Ismall","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref14","first-page":"1819","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity loss is coupled with capillary dropout in patients with diabetes","volume":"38","author":"O Arend","year":"1997","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181b48635","article-title":"High, medium, and low contrast visual acuities in diabetic retinal disease","volume":"86","author":"AY Sukha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.19.4.0340","article-title":"Seeing beyond retinopathy in diabetes: electrophysiological and psychophysical abnormalities and alterations in vision","volume":"19","author":"FM Ewing","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182365a24","article-title":"Measuring retinal sensitivity with the microperimeter in patients with diabetes","volume":"32","author":"MG Nittala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2009.184","article-title":"Is neuronal dysfunction an early sign of diabetic retinopathy? Microperimetry and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) study in individuals with diabetes, but no diabetic retinopathy","volume":"23","author":"A Verma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2005.00527.x","article-title":"Central visual field changes using flicker perimetry in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"83","author":"EP Stavrou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"issue":"22","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(03)00405-X","article-title":"Temporal visual filtering in diabetes mellitus","volume":"43","author":"N Davies","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3705","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity mediated by inferred magno- and parvocellular pathways in type 2 diabetics with and without nonproliferative retinopathy","volume":"52","author":"M Gualtieri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"429","article-title":"Adler's physiology of the eye: clinical application","author":"WM Hart Jr","year":"1987"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-003-0757-y","article-title":"Assessment of parafoveal function in maculopathy: a comparison between the Macular Mapping Test and kinetic manual perimetry","volume":"241","author":"S Trauzettel-Klosinski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmo"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2012.03.009","article-title":"Low-contrast acuity measures visual improvement in phase 3 trial of natalizumab in relapsing MS","volume":"318","author":"LJ Balcer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00475-5","article-title":"Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales","volume":"110","author":"CP Wilkinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"ref26","first-page":"786","article-title":"Grading diabetic retinopathy from stereoscopic color fundus photographs\u2014an extension of the modified Airlie House classification. ETDRS report number 10. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group","volume":"98","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref27","first-page":"1013","article-title":"Relationship between short-wavelength automatic perimetry and Heidelberg retina tomograph parameters in eyes with ocular hypertension","volume":"8","author":"C Pitsas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2013.04.011","article-title":"Psychophysical contrast calibration","volume":"90","author":"L To","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1195","article-title":"Legibility variations of Chinese characters and implications for visual acuity measurement in Chinese reading population","volume":"48","author":"JY Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(02)00045-7","article-title":"The role of spatial frequency channels in letter identification","volume":"42","author":"NJ Majaj","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(85)90207-X","article-title":"Vernier acuity, crowding and cortical magnification","volume":"25","author":"DM Levi","year":"1985","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1167\/13.9.582","article-title":"The meridian effect on the cortical magnification factor for visual word form identification","volume":"13","author":"LT Tsai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/00221309.1930.9918218","article-title":"Ocular dominance in human adults","volume":"3","author":"WR Miles","year":"1930","journal-title":"The Journal of General Psychology"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(74)90049-2","article-title":"Letter: A chart demonstrating variations in acuity with retinal position","volume":"14","author":"SM Anstis","year":"1974","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929042000267073","article-title":"Effect of display factors on Chinese reading times, comprehension scores and preferences","volume":"24","author":"A Chan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav Inf Technol"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Linear Mixed Models: A Practical Guide Using Statistical Software","author":"BT West","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"491","article-title":"Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice","author":"LG Portney","year":"2000"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2012.02758.x","article-title":"Diabetes as a risk factor for dementia and mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"42","author":"G Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70284-2","article-title":"Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"GJ Biessels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ijg.0000145813.46848.b8","article-title":"Psychophysical investigation of ganglion cell loss in early glaucoma","volume":"14","author":"PG Spry","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0319","article-title":"Reliability and validity of a Chinese version of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"41","author":"KL Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0389","article-title":"Relationships between daily acute glucose fluctuations and cognitive performance among aged type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"33","author":"MR Rizzo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i3.432","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathic pain: Physiopathology and treatment","volume":"6","author":"AK Schreiber","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1068\/p170315","article-title":"Age-related changes in contrast sensitivity in central and peripheral retina","volume":"17","author":"B Crassini","year":"1988","journal-title":"Perception"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbs086","article-title":"Aging and visual crowding","volume":"68","author":"CT Scialfa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2008.02.014","article-title":"Differential aging of motion processing mechanisms: evidence against general perceptual decline","volume":"48","author":"J Billino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.18.3.564","article-title":"Effects of diffuse axonal injury on speed of information processing following severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"18","author":"KL Felmingham","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0162383","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T16:37:07Z","timestamp":1589042227000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0162383"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Michele","family":"Madigan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0162383","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]]}}}