{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T04:15:03Z","timestamp":1784952903350,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]],"date-time":"2016-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council (AU)","award":["APP1016351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1016351"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]],"date-time":"2016-09-09T15:15:05Z","timestamp":1473434105000},"page":"e0162399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The Prison Economy of Needles and Syringes: What Opportunities Exist for Blood Borne Virus Risk Reduction When Prices Are so High?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Carla","family":"Treloar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"McCredie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Lloyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26387","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of hepatitis C in prisons and other closed settings: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"S Larney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12643","article-title":"A prospective study of hepatitis C incidence in Australian prisoners","volume":"109","author":"F Luciani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00309.x","article-title":"Prison-based syringe exchange programmes: a review of international research and development","volume":"98","author":"K Dolan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/17449200500157085","article-title":"Taking action to reduce injecting drug-related harms in prisons: The evidence of effectiveness of prison needle exchange in six countries","volume":"1","author":"R Lines","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Prisoner Health"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3109\/09687637.2016.1148117","article-title":"Prison-based needle and syringe programmes (PNSP)\u2013Still highly controversial after all these years","volume":"23","author":"H Stover","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drugs\u2014Education Prevention & Policy"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPH-09-2014-0032","article-title":"Injecting drug use in prison: prevalence and implications for needle exchange policy","volume":"11","author":"N Wright","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Prisoner Health"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/09595239800186951","article-title":"Methadone maintenance treatment reduces heroin injection in New South Wales prisons","volume":"17","author":"K Dolan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Review"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100749","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100749","article-title":"Per-event probability of hepatitis C infection during sharing of injecting equipment","volume":"9","author":"L Boelen","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2009.00165.x","article-title":"Qualitative accounts of needle and syringe cleaning techniques among people who inject drugs in Sydney, Australia","volume":"29","author":"JAI Nathani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Review"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-015-0045-2","article-title":"Acquiring hepatitis C in prison: the social organisation of injecting risk","volume":"12","author":"C Treloar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1159\/000019005","article-title":"Drug injectors and the cleaning of needles and syringes","volume":"6","author":"RA Hughes","year":"2000","journal-title":"European Addiction Research"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.5694\/mja12.10228","article-title":"Harm minimisation in Australian prisons\u2014health protection still depends on where you serve your time [letter]","volume":"197","author":"M Levy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Australia"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2008.10.003","article-title":"Risk environments and drug harms: A social science for harm reduction approach","volume":"20","author":"T Rhodes","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.3109\/10826081003590938","article-title":"Policing drug users in Russia; Risk, fear and structural violence","volume":"56","author":"A Sarang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Substance Use & Misuse"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2311.2010.00632.x","article-title":"The social organisation of penal tattooing in two canadian federal male prisons: Locating sites of risk for empirically-based health care interventions","volume":"50","author":"KD Bonnycastle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Howard Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854808318867","article-title":"Casting light on prison violence in scotland. evaluating the impact of situational risk factors","volume":"35","author":"DJ Cooke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Criminal Justice and Behavior"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1177\/0032885501081002002","article-title":"Smoke 'em if you got 'em: Cigarette black markets in US prisons and jails","volume":"81","author":"S Lankenau","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Prison Journal"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/0735648X.1987.9721332","article-title":"Prison contraband systems: Implications for prison management","volume":"10","author":"D Kalinich","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Crime and Justice"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854885012004003","article-title":"Contraband: The basis for legitimate power in a prison social system","volume":"12","author":"D Kalinich","year":"1985","journal-title":"Criminal Justice and Behavior"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Participation in the Prison Economy and Likelihood of Physical Victimization Victims & Offenders","volume":"6","author":"H Copes","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2311.2006.00428.x","article-title":"Prison drug dealing the ethnographic lens","volume":"45","author":"B Crewe","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Howard Journal"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1300\/J076v37n03_03","article-title":"Illicit drug and injecting equipment markets inside English prisons","volume":"37","author":"R Hughes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Offender Rehabilitation"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3109\/09687637.2015.1085490","article-title":""There's that many people selling it": Exploring the nature, organisation and maintenance of prison drug markets in England","volume":"23","author":"C Tompkins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drugs\u2014Education Prevention & Policy"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1177\/1462474514527149","article-title":"\u2018A culture of sharing\u2019: Drug exchange in a Norwegian prison","volume":"16","author":"K Mjaland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Punishment and Society"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Incidence and risk for acute hepatitis C infection during imprisonment in Australia","author":"K Dolan","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2105.141832","article-title":"Transmission of hepatitis C virus among prisoners, Australia, 2005\u20132012","volume":"21","author":"N Breta\u00f1a","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"V Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qualitative Research in Psychology"},{"key":"ref28","author":"J Stafford","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1177\/0032885511409893","article-title":"Injecting risk into prison sentences: A quantitative analysis of a prisoner-driven survey to measure HCV\/HIV seroprevalence, risk practices and viral testing at one Canadian male federal prison","volume":"91","author":"KD Bonnycastle","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Prison Journal"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1108\/17449201311326943","article-title":"Exploring motivations to stop injecting in English prisons: qualitative research with former male prisoners","volume":"9","author":"C Tompkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Prisoner Health"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2307\/1140837","article-title":"Factors Associated with Adoption of the Inmate Code: A Study of Normative Socialization","volume":"58","author":"C Wellford","year":"1967","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology"},{"key":"ref32","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2003.08.001","article-title":"Ten years of experience with needle and syringe exchange programmes in European prisons","volume":"14","author":"H Stover","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Butler T, Callander, D, & Simpson, M., Report 2004, 2010 and 2013. Kirby Institute (UNSW Australia). 2015 (2015) National prison entrants' bloodborne virus survey report 2004, 2007, 2010 and 2013. Sydney: Kirby Institute (UNSW Australia)."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3109\/14659891.2012.760008","article-title":"Rates of injection in prison in a sample of Australian-injecting drug users","volume":"18","author":"J Fetherston","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Use"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60742-8","article-title":"Prevention of HIV infection for people who inject drugs: Why individual, structural and combination approaches are needed","volume":"376","author":"L Degenhardt","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-3959(02)00007-5","article-title":"The 'risk environment': a framework for understanding and reducing drug-related harm","volume":"13","author":"T Rhodes","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9566.2007.00474.x","article-title":"Unhealthy prisons: exploring structural determinants of prison health","volume":"29","author":"N de Viggiani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sociology of Health & Illness"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-013-0526-6","article-title":"A scoping review of unintended harm associated with public health interventions: towards a typology and an understanding of underlying factors","volume":"59","author":"L Allen-Scott","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Public Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0162399","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]],"date-time":"2018-10-22T18:03:42Z","timestamp":1540231422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0162399"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Linda A","family":"Selvey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0162399","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]]}}}