{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:59:45Z","timestamp":1787021985996,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]],"date-time":"2016-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002920","name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17205014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17205014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51278440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51278440"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]],"date-time":"2016-09-09T14:11:22Z","timestamp":1473430282000},"page":"e0162481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Building Ventilation as an Effective Disease Intervention Strategy in a Dense Indoor Contact Network in an Ideal City"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xiaolei","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8859-8462","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jianjian","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Cowling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuguo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"WHO. The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/healthinfo\/global_burden_disease\/2004_report_update\/en\/index.html\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/healthinfo\/global_burden_disease\/2004_report_update\/en\/index.html<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1102671","article-title":"Truly emerging\u2014A new disease caused by a novel virus","volume":"364","author":"H Feldmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"New England Journal Medicine"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032867","article-title":"Evidence of airborne transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"350","author":"IT Yu","year":"2004","journal-title":"New England Journal Medicine"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1211.060426","article-title":"Review of aerosol transmission of influenza A virus","volume":"12","author":"R Tellier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S783","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0302.focus","article-title":"Aerosol transmission of influenza A virus: A review of new studies","volume":"6","author":"R Tellier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Society Interface"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b3675","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b3675","article-title":"Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses: Systematic review","volume":"339","author":"T Jefferson","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809991658","article-title":"Face masks to prevent transmission of influenza virus: A systematic review","volume":"138","author":"BJ Cowling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Infection"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2006.00445.x","article-title":"Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment\u2014a multidisciplinary systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Y Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/144.2.302","article-title":"Airborne infection\u2014Theoretical limits of protection achievable by building ventilation","volume":"144","author":"EA Nardell","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Review of Respiratory Disease"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"1015","article-title":"The transmission of tuberculosis in confined spaces: An analytical review of alternative epidemiological models","volume":"7","author":"CB Beggs","year":"2003","journal-title":"The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"},{"issue":"Supp 6","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S791","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0305.focus","article-title":"Mathematical models for assessing the role of airflow on the risk of airborne infection in hospital wards","volume":"6","author":"CJ Noakes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Society Interface"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/1420326X09104141","article-title":"Ventilation control of indoor transmission of airborne diseases in an urban community","volume":"18","author":"X Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indoor and Built Environment"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500244","article-title":"It\u2019s about time: a comparison of Canadian and American timeactivity patterns","volume":"12","author":"JA Leech","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2005.0051","article-title":"Networks and epidemic models","volume":"2","author":"MJ Keeling","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Society Interface"},{"issue":"016128","key":"ref15","article-title":"Spread of epidemic disease on networks","volume":"66","author":"MEJ Newman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physical Review E"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"66","article-title":"Predict SARS infection with the small world network model","volume":"35","author":"G Lin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5678","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.61.5678","article-title":"Epidemics and percolation in small-world networks","volume":"61","author":"C Moore","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physical Review E"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02541","article-title":"Modelling disease outbreaks in realistic urban social networks","volume":"429","author":"S Eubank","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"181","article-title":"Structure of social contact networks and their impact on epidemics","volume":"70","author":"S Eubank","year":"2006","journal-title":"AMS-DIMACS Special Volume on Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1997.0131","article-title":"Who mixes with whom? A method to determine the contact patterns of adults that may lead to the spread of airborne infections","volume":"264","author":"WJ Edmunds","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e74","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050074","article-title":"Social contacts and mixing patterns relevant to the spread of infectious diseases","volume":"5","author":"J Mossong","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.415","article-title":"Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks","volume":"27","author":"M McPherson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2008.0013","article-title":"Dynamic social networks and the implications for the spread of infectious disease","volume":"5","author":"JM Read","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Society Interface"},{"key":"ref24","author":"WF Wells","year":"1955"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2006.00443.x","article-title":"Predictive models of control strategies involved in containing indoor airborne infections","volume":"16","author":"SC Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12637","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0510873103","article-title":"Smallpox Transmission and Control: Spatial Dynamics in Great Britain","volume":"103","author":"S Riley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2008.11.002","article-title":"Spatial distribution of infection risk of SARS transmission in a hospital ward","volume":"44","author":"H Qian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Building and Environment"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0668.2003.00189.x","article-title":"Risk of indoor airborne infection transmission estimated from carbon dioxide concentration","volume":"13","author":"SN Rudnick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0303.970310","article-title":"Using a mathematical model to evaluate the efficacy of TB control measures","volume":"3","author":"L Gammaitoni","year":"1997","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"Xie X. Evaporation and Movement of Respiratory Droplets in Indoor Environments. PhD thesis, The University of Hong Kong. 2008. pp. 196."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2006.00432.x","article-title":"Droplet fate in indoor environments, or can we prevent the spread of infection?","volume":"16","author":"L Morawska","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04017","article-title":"Strategies for containing an emerging influenza pandemic in Southeast Asia","volume":"437","author":"NM Ferguson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh273","article-title":"Predicting super spreading events during the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemics in Hong Kong and Singapore","volume":"160","author":"Y Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e151","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030151","article-title":"Influenza virus transmission is dependent on relative humidity and temperature","volume":"3","author":"AC Lowen","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Pathogens"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1038\/414748a","article-title":"Transmission potential of smallpox in contemporary populations","volume":"414","author":"R Gani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02007","article-title":"Planning for smallpox outbreaks","volume":"425","author":"NM Ferguson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040068","article-title":"Natural ventilation for the prevention of airborne contagion","volume":"4","author":"AR Escombe","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref38","author":"F Allard","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Natural Ventilation for Infection Control in Health-Care Settings- WHO Guidelines","author":"J Atkinson","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1323(00)00057-3","article-title":"Comparison between indoor and outdoor air contaminant levels in residential buildings from passive sampler study","volume":"36","author":"CYH Chao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Building and Environment"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(00)00458-1","article-title":"An empirical model for outdoor contaminant transmission into residential buildings and experimental verification","volume":"35","author":"CYH Chao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(99)00396-3","article-title":"Indoor and outdoor air quality investigation at schools in Hong Kong","volume":"41","author":"SC Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"688","article-title":". Infectious Diseases of Humans: Dynamics and Control","author":"RM Anderson","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1134695","article-title":"Large-scale spatial-transmission models of infectious disease","volume":"316","author":"S Riley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp048051","article-title":"Airborne transmission of communicable infection\u2014the elusive pathway","volume":"350","author":"CJ Roy","year":"2004","journal-title":"New England Journal Medicine"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2006.05.022","article-title":"Factors involved in the aerosol transmission of infection and control of ventilation in healthcare premises","volume":"64","author":"JW Tang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Hospital Infection"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.06.179","article-title":"Potential impact of a ventilation intervention for influenza in the context of a dense indoor contact network in Hong Kong","volume":"569\u2013570","author":"X Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807008631","article-title":"Modelling respiratory infection control measure effects","volume":"136","author":"CM Liao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Infection"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112560","article-title":"Airborne spread of measles in a suburban elementary school","volume":"107","author":"EC Riley","year":"1978","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0162481","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T09:27:46Z","timestamp":1589016466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0162481"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Shaman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0162481","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]]}}}