{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T01:51:46Z","timestamp":1792461106262,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,15]],"date-time":"2016-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004482","name":"Kuwait University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YM 02\/12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YM 02\/12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004482","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,15]],"date-time":"2016-09-15T17:54:27Z","timestamp":1473962067000},"page":"e0162744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Shifts in the Clonal Distribution of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Kuwait Hospitals: 1992-2010"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Samar S.","family":"Boswihi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edet E.","family":"Udo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noura","family":"Al-Sweih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"2543","article-title":"Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases","author":"Y Que","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(93)90100-E","article-title":"Genetic analysis of community isolates of methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> in Western Australia","volume":"25","author":"EE Udo","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S344","DOI":"10.1086\/533590","article-title":"Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic>","volume":"46","author":"HW Boucher","year":"2008","journal-title":"CID"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0702.010204","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic>","volume":"7","author":"HF Chambers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Diseases"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017936","article-title":"A Field Guide to Pandemic, Epidemic and Sporadic Clones of Methicillin-Resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic>","volume":"6","author":"S Monecke","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"205","article-title":"Improved understanding of factors driving methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> epidemic waves","volume":"4","author":"SS Chatterjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00356-13","article-title":"Livestock origin for a human pandemic clone of community-associate dmethicillin resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic>","volume":"4","author":"LE Spoor","year":"2013","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.9.2400-2404.1995","article-title":"Geographic spread of epidemic multiresistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> clone in Brazil","volume":"33","author":"LA Teixeira","year":"1995","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.1997.tb00616.x","article-title":"Wide geographic distribution of a unique methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> clone in Hungarian hospitals","volume":"3","author":"H de Lencastre","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3380","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00013-12","article-title":"Carriage of an ACME II variant may have contributed to methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> sequence type 239-Like strain replacement in Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia","volume":"56","author":"BA Espedido","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1810.120468","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> sequence type 239-III, Ohio, USA, 2007\u20132009","volume":"18","author":"SH Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Diseases"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1182395","article-title":"Evolution of MRSA During Hospital Transmission and Intercontinental Spread","volume":"327","author":"SR Harris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(93)90007-M","article-title":"Characterization of a strain of methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> (EMRSA-15) by conventional and molecular methods","volume":"25","author":"JF Richardson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.147710.112","article-title":"A genomic portrait of the emergence, evolution, and global spread of a methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> pandemic","volume":"23","author":"MTG Holden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Udo EE, Boswihi S, Al-Sweih N (2016) High prevalence of toxic-shock syndrome toxin producing strains of Epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 15 (EMRSA-15) strains in Kuwait hospitals. Online April.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2016.03.008"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3514","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00966-08","article-title":"Genetic lineages of community-associated methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> in Kuwait hospitals","volume":"46","author":"EE Udo","year":"2008","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"1","article-title":"The dissemination of ST80-SCC<italic>mec<\/italic>-IV community- associated methicillin resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> clone in Kuwait hospitals","volume":"9","author":"EE Udo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.9.2233-2239.1995","article-title":"Interpreting chromosomal DNA restriction patterns produced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: criteria for bacterial strain typing","volume":"33","author":"FC Tenover","year":"1995","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antibacterial resistance and their genetic location in MRSA isolated in Kuwait hospitals, 1994\u20132004","volume":"6","author":"EE Udo","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"558","article-title":"Persistence of a clone of methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> in a burns unit","volume":"50","author":"AM Al-Haddad","year":"2001","journal-title":"JMM"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) (2012) Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; Twenty-Second Informational Supplement. CLSI document M100-S22 32: 1\u2013184."},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"British Society to Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC) (2013) <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/bsac.org.uk\/susceptibility\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/bsac.org.uk\/susceptibility<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1086\/313461","article-title":"Involvement of Panton\u2013Valentine leukocidin-producing <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> in primary skin infections and pneumonia","volume":"29","author":"G Lina","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5026","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.10.5026-5033.2005","article-title":"Novel multiplex PCR assay for characterization and concomitant subtyping of Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type I to V in Methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic>","volume":"43","author":"K Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm112","article-title":"Multiplex PCR strategy for subtyping the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type IV in methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic>: &apos;SCC<italic>mec<\/italic> IV multiplex","volume":"60","author":"C Milheiri\u00e7o","year":"2007","journal-title":"J of Antimicrob Chemo"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5442","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.12.5442-5448.2003","article-title":"Typing of methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> in a university hospital setting by using novel software for spa repeat determination and database management","volume":"41","author":"D Harmsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.3.1008-1015.2000","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing for characterization of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible clones of <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic>","volume":"38","author":"MC Enright","year":"2000","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"ref28"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4998","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.11.4998-5005.2003","article-title":"Update on the major clonal types of methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> in the Czech Republic","volume":"41","author":"O Melter","year":"2003","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.3.1001-1012.2006","article-title":"Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCC<italic>mec<\/italic>) typing of methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> strains isolated in 11 Asian countries: a proposal for a new nomenclature for SCC<italic>mec<\/italic> elements","volume":"50","author":"P Chongtrakool","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-8-22","article-title":"Hospital-associated methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> (HA-MRSA) in Italy","volume":"8","author":"F Campanile","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr024","article-title":"Spread of methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> between the community and the hospitals in Asian countries: an ANSORP study","volume":"66","author":"JH Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-12-146","article-title":"Characterisation of MRSA strains isolated from patients in a hospital in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","volume":"12","author":"S Monecke","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.6438","article-title":"The high diversity of MRSA clones detected in a university hospital in Istanbul","volume":"10","author":"L Oksuz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1002\/nmi2.47","article-title":"Genotyping of methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> in the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Oman reveals the dominance of Panton\u2013Valentine leucocidin-negative ST6-IV\/t304 clone","volume":"2","author":"EE Udo","year":"2014","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02891.x","article-title":"Molecular characterization and susceptibility of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> isolates from hospitals and the community in Vladivostok, Russia","volume":"16","author":"T Baranovich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.01986.x","article-title":"DNA microarray-based genotyping of methicillin- resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> strains from eastern Saxony","volume":"14","author":"S Monecke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68231-7","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of USA300, an epidemic clone of community-acquired meticillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic>","volume":"367","author":"BA Diep","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm422","article-title":"Distribution of the ACME-arcA gene among methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> from England and Wales","volume":"61","author":"MJ Ellington","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01756-10","article-title":"Characterization of a novel arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) and Staphylococcal Chromosomal Cassette mec Composite Island with significant homology to <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/italic> ACME type II in methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> genotype ST22-MRSA-IV","volume":"55","author":"AC Shore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02518-12","article-title":"Arginine Catabolic Mobile Element in methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> (MRSA) clonal group ST239-MRSA-III isolates in Singapore: Implications for PCR-based screening tests","volume":"57","author":"PY Hon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01112-09","article-title":"Predominance and emergence of clones of hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> in Malaysia","volume":"48","author":"E Ghaznavi-Rad","year":"2010","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.062125-0","article-title":"Genetic diversity of emerging Panton-Valentine leukocidin\/arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME)-positive ST8 SCC<italic>mec<\/italic>\u2013IVa meticillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> (MRSA) strains and ACME-positive CC5 (ST5\/ST764) MRSA strains in Northern Japan","volume":"62","author":"M Kawaguchiya","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4985","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00523-10","article-title":"Fusidic acid resistance determinants in <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> clinical isolates","volume":"54","author":"HJ Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-49-5-419","article-title":"Characterisation of methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> from Kuwait hospitals with high-level fusidic acid resistance","volume":"49","author":"EE Udo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/48.1.143","article-title":"Dominance of EMRSA-15 and -16 among MRSA causing nosocomial bacteremia in the UK: Analysis of isolates from the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS)","volume":"48","author":"AP Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Emergence of EMRSA-15 clone in hospitals throughout the Czech Republic","volume":"11","author":"O Melter","year":"2006","journal-title":"EuroSurveillance"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000215","article-title":"Geographic Distribution of <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> Causing Invasive Infections in Europe: A Molecular-Epidemiological Analysis","volume":"7","author":"H Grundmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2011-200436","article-title":"Change in methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> clones at a tertiary care hospital in the United Arab Emirates over a 5-year period","volume":"65","author":"\u00c1 Sonnevend","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103715","article-title":"Community-associated methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> clonal complex 80 type IV (CC80-MRSA-IV) isolated from the Middle East: a heterogeneous expanding clonal lineage","volume":"9","author":"HH Harastani","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2008.393","article-title":"Genetic characterization of <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> isolates carrying Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes in Bangladesh","volume":"61","author":"S Afroz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01867-09","article-title":"Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> with emergence of epidemic clones of sequence type (ST) 22 and ST772 in Mumbai, India","volume":"48","author":"N D\u2019Souza","year":"2010","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evolution and diversity of community-associated methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> in a geographical region","volume":"29","author":"GW Coombs","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp386","article-title":"Polyclonal multiply antibiotic-resistant methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> with Panton-Valentine leucocidin in England","volume":"6","author":"MJ Ellington","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12240","article-title":"Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> isolated over a 2-year period in a Qatari hospital from multinational patients","volume":"20","author":"TS El-Mahdy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2012.0056","article-title":"Molecular characterization of <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> in the United States 2004\u20132008 reveals the rapid expansion of USA300 among inpatients and Outpatients","volume":"18","author":"FP O\u2019Hara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.1.108-118.2006","article-title":"Characterization of a strain of community-associated methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> widely disseminated in the United States","volume":"44","author":"FC Tenover","year":"2006","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1086\/499815","article-title":"Emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> USA300 genotype as a major cause of healthcare-associated bloodstream infections","volume":"42","author":"U Seybold","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12240","article-title":"Molecular characterization of MRSA isolated over a two year period in a Qatari hospital from multinational patients","volume":"20","author":"TS El-Mahdy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.1.421-426.2005","article-title":"Distribution of major genotypes among methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> clones in Asian countries","volume":"43","author":"KS KO","year":"2005","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jegh.2013.05.003","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of community carriage of methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> in Malta","volume":"3","author":"J Scerri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02653-13","article-title":"Extensive genetic diversity identified among sporadic methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> isolates recovered in Irish hospitals between 2000 and 2012","volume":"58","author":"PM Kinnevey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3788","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01708-13","article-title":"Diversity of methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> strains isolated from residents of 26 nursing homes in Orange County, California","volume":"51","author":"LO Hudson","year":"2013","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"600","article-title":"Detection and characterization of an ST97-SCCmec-V community-associated methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> clone in a neonatal intensive care unit and special care baby unit","volume":"60","author":"EE Udo","year":"2011","journal-title":"JMM"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1086\/427033","article-title":"High incidence of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> in a tertiary care public hospital in Singapore","volume":"40","author":"L.-Y Hsu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2912","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00692-08","article-title":"The Multilaboratory Project Collaborators (2008) Changing patterns in frequency of recovery of five methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> clones in Portuguese hospitals: surveillance over a 16-year period","volume":"46","author":"M Aires de Sousa","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028189","article-title":"Clonal replacement of epidemic Methicillin-Resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> strains in a German university hospital over a period of eleven years","volume":"6","author":"N Albrecht","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00081-09","article-title":"Community-associated methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic>: epidemiology and clinical consequences of an emerging epidemic. \u200eClin","volume":"23","author":"MZ David","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkf242","article-title":"Phenotypic and molecular characterization of community occurring, Western Samoan phage pattern methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic>","volume":"50","author":"RP Adhikari","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.011353-0","article-title":"Characteristics of community- and hospital acquired meticillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> strains carrying SCC<italic>mec<\/italic> type IV isolated in Malaysia","volume":"58","author":"N Ahmad","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1102.040782","article-title":"Community associated methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic>, Singapore","volume":"11","author":"LY Hsu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Diseases"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2009.03.005","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive community-acquired methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> isolates in Egypt","volume":"165","author":"S Enany","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01044-14","article-title":"Origin and evolution of European community-acquired methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic>","volume":"5","author":"M Stegger","year":"2014","journal-title":"MBio"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0162744","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T04:11:35Z","timestamp":1692504695000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0162744"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Karsten","family":"Becker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,15]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0162744","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,15]]}}}