{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T20:27:47Z","timestamp":1775593667708,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,20]],"date-time":"2016-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Maudsley Charitable Fund"},{"name":"Psychiatry Research Trust"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G1002366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G1002366"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"MQ: Transforming Mental Health","award":["MQ14F40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MQ14F40"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000874","name":"Brain and Behavior Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000874","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,20]],"date-time":"2016-09-20T17:41:34Z","timestamp":1474393294000},"page":"e0163319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Interplay between Schizophrenia Polygenic Risk Score and Childhood Adversity in First-Presentation Psychotic Disorder: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Antonella","family":"Trotta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Conrad","family":"Iyegbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Di Forti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pak C.","family":"Sham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Desmond D.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stacey S.","family":"Cherny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Mondelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine J.","family":"Aitchison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robin M.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evangelos","family":"Vassos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen L.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2011.13.2\/ischaefer","article-title":"Childhood trauma and psychosis\u2014what is the evidence?","volume":"13","author":"I Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs050","article-title":"Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: a meta-analysis of patient-control, prospective- and cross-sectional cohort studies","volume":"38","author":"F Varese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbm069","article-title":"Cumulative traumas and psychosis: an analysis of the national comorbidity survey and the British Psychiatric Morbidity Survey","volume":"34","author":"M Shevlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2012.03.001","article-title":"Childhood adversity and psychosis: examining whether the association is due to genetic confounding using a monozygotic twin differences approach","volume":"28","author":"S Alemany","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.10040567","article-title":"Childhood trauma and children's emerging psychotic symptoms: A genetically sensitive longitudinal cohort study","volume":"168","author":"L Arseneault","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.6.581","article-title":"Schizophrenia and schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorders in the first-degree relatives of children with schizophrenia: the UCLA family study","volume":"58","author":"RF Asarnow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10101531","article-title":"Childhood trauma and psychosis: a case-control and case-sibling comparison across different levels of genetic liability, psychopathology, and type of trauma","volume":"168","author":"M Heins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17522430903197384","article-title":"A cognitive intermediate phenotype study confirming possible gene-early adversity interaction in psychosis outcome: a general population twin study","volume":"2","author":"S Pfeifer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychosis"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2012.01857.x","article-title":"Early trauma and familial risk in the development of the extended psychosis phenotype in adolescence","volume":"126","author":"JT Wigman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt201","article-title":"Interplay between childhood physical abuse and familial risk in the onset of psychotic disorders","volume":"40","author":"HL Fisher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1192\/bjpo.bp.115.000158","article-title":"Familial risk and childhood adversity interplay in the onset of psychosis","volume":"1","author":"A Trotta","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00084","article-title":"Role of Environmental confounding in the association between FKBP5 and first-episode psychosis","volume":"5","author":"O Ajnakina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.115972","article-title":"FKBP5 as a possible moderator of the psychosis-inducing effects of childhood trauma","volume":"202","author":"D Collip","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2013.07.008","article-title":"BDNFval66met modulates the association between childhood trauma, cognitive and brain abnormalities in psychoses","volume":"46","author":"M Aas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.08.011","article-title":"Interplay between childhood trauma and BDNF val66met variants on blood BDNF mRNA levels and on hippocampus subfields volumes in schizophrenia spectrum and bipolar disorders","volume":"59","author":"M Aas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.10.018","article-title":"Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genotype moderates the effects of childhood trauma on cognition and symptoms in schizophrenia","volume":"49","author":"MJ Green","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"7510","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13595","article-title":"Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci","volume":"511","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08185","article-title":"Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder","volume":"460","author":"SM Purcell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.143081","article-title":"Effect of polygenic risk scores on depression in childhood trauma","volume":"205","author":"WJ Peyrot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715002172","article-title":"Polygenic interactions with environmental adversity in the aetiology of major depressive disorder","volume":"46","author":"N Mullins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-014-0109-8","article-title":"Are stressful developmental processes of youths leading to health problems amplified by genetic polymorphisms? The case of body mass index","volume":"43","author":"KK Wickrama","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.3390\/genes5020330","article-title":"Polygenic scores predict alcohol problems in an independent sample and show moderation by the environment","volume":"5","author":"JE Salvatore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e290","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2013.63","article-title":"Interaction between polygenic risk for cigarette use and environmental exposures in the Detroit neighborhood health study","volume":"3","author":"JL Meyers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"An examination of polygenic score risk prediction in individuals with first episode psychosis","author":"E Vassos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Schedules for the Clinical Assessment of Neuropsychiatry","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810320088015","article-title":"A polydiagnostic application of operational criteria in studies of psychotic illness. Development and reliability of the OPCRIT system","volume":"48","author":"P McGuffin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"11","article-title":"The psychosis screening questionnaire","volume":"5","author":"P Bebbington","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1348\/014466505X35344","article-title":"The Childhood Experiences of Care and Abuse Questionnaire (CECA.Q)\u2013validation in a community series","volume":"44","author":"A Bifulco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-002-0589-9","article-title":"Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire (CECA.Q): validation of a screening instrument for childhood adversity in clinical populations","volume":"37","author":"N Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp103","article-title":"Reliability and comparability of psychosis patients\u2019 retrospective reports of childhood abuse","volume":"37","author":"HL Fisher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1847","article-title":"Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies","volume":"38","author":"AL Price","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"9357","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2","article-title":"Population stratification and spurious allelic association","volume":"361","author":"LR Cardon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym157","article-title":"Estimating interaction on an additive scale between continuous determinants in a logistic regression model","volume":"36","author":"MJ Knol","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.006","article-title":"Gene x environment interaction studies have not properly controlled for potential confounders: the problem and the (simple) solution","volume":"75","author":"MC Keller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/S1135-57272008000400008","article-title":"A dictionary of epidemiology","author":"M Porta","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796014000584","article-title":"Novel directions for G \u00d7 E analysis in psychiatry","volume":"24","author":"AA Vinkhuyzen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715001816","article-title":"Impact of childhood adversities on specific symptom dimensions in first-episode psychosis","volume":"46","author":"O Ajnakina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv131","article-title":"Impact of Different Childhood Adversities on 1-Year Outcomes of Psychotic Disorder in the Genetics and Psychosis Study","volume":"42","author":"A Trotta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Modern Epidemiology","author":"KJ Rothman","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.070904","article-title":"Examining interactions between risk factors for psychosis","volume":"196","author":"S Zammit","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.081331","article-title":"Interpretation of interactions: guide for the perplexed","volume":"197","author":"KS Kendler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(90)90033-P","article-title":"Child abuse: adolescent records versus adult recall","volume":"14","author":"D Della Femina","year":"1990","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00218.x","article-title":"Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: review of the evidence","volume":"45","author":"J Hardt","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.02.004","article-title":"The prevalence and impact of child maltreatment and other types of victimization in the UK: findings from a population survey of caregivers, children and young people and young adults","volume":"37","author":"L Radford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3457","article-title":"Pitfalls of predicting complex traits from SNPs","volume":"14","author":"NR Wray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579412000685","article-title":"The implications of genotype-environment correlation for establishing causal processes in psychopathology","volume":"24","author":"SR Jaffee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.064220","article-title":"High-potency cannabis and the risk of psychosis","volume":"195","author":"M Di Forti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt065","article-title":"Life events and psychosis: a review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"S Beards","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2014.05.017","article-title":"Childhood attachment and schizophrenia: the "attachment-developmental-cognitive" (ADC) hypothesis","volume":"83","author":"RP Rajkumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.12.1137","article-title":"Emotional reactivity to daily life stress in psychosis","volume":"58","author":"I Myin-Germeys","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)91557-W","article-title":"Prefrontal cortical dopamine depletion enhances the responsiveness of mesolimbic dopamine neurons to stress","volume":"521","author":"AY Deutch","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.01.003","article-title":"From dopamine to salience to psychosis\u2014linking biology, pharmacology and phenomenology of psychosis","volume":"79","author":"S Kapur","year":"2005","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp137","article-title":"Narrowing the boundaries of the genetic architecture of schizophrenia","volume":"36","author":"NR Wray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-014-0823-2","article-title":"The emerging molecular architecture of schizophrenia, polygenic risk scores and the clinical implications for GxE research","volume":"49","author":"C Iyegbe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.269","article-title":"The psychosis high-risk state: a comprehensive state-of-the-art review","volume":"70","author":"P Fusar-Poli","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2670","article-title":"Puzzling over schizophrenia: schizophrenia as a pathway disease","volume":"18","author":"PF Sullivan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"48","key":"ref58","first-page":"1","article-title":"The impact of childhood maltreatment: a review of neurobiological and genetic factors","volume":"2","author":"E McCrory","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.5.473","article-title":"Strategy for investigating interactions between measured genes and measured environments","volume":"62","author":"TE Moffitt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0163319","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T22:00:01Z","timestamp":1657317601000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0163319"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Consuelo","family":"Walss-Bass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,20]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0163319","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,20]]}}}