{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:00:03Z","timestamp":1787497203878,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,5]],"date-time":"2016-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,5]],"date-time":"2016-10-05T18:03:20Z","timestamp":1475690600000},"page":"e0163365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["The Performance of the Vaginal Discharge Syndromic Management in Treating Vaginal and Cervical Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Charifa","family":"Zemouri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teodora Elvira","family":"Wi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Kiarie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"Seuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittal","family":"Mogasale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Latif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Broutet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Organization WH. Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections: 2006\u20132015. Breaking the chain of transmission. 2007."},{"issue":"7","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2009.041632","article-title":"What have we learned from sexually transmitted infection research in sub-Saharan Africa?","volume":"86","author":"D Mabey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Organization WH. Guidelines for the Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003."},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Organization WH. Sexually transmitted and other reproductive tract infections. A guide to essential practice. 2005."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2002.004101","article-title":"Approaches to the control of sexually transmitted infections in developing countries: old problems and modern challenges","volume":"80","author":"P Mayaud","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2003.007534","article-title":"Low prevalence of cervical infections in women with vaginal discharge in west Africa: implications for syndromic management","volume":"80","author":"J Pepin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"Organization WH. Progress report on the implementation of the Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections; 2006\u20132015. 2015."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref8","first-page":"87","article-title":"Impairment of quality of life in symptomatic reproductive tract infection and sexually transmitted infection","volume":"15","author":"S Valsangkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Reprod Infertil"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7184.120537","article-title":"Prevalence of symptoms suggestive of reproductive tract infections\/sexually transmitted infections in women in an urban area of Ludhiana","volume":"34","author":"PS Philip","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.11.021","article-title":"Comparative study of syndromic and etiological diagnosis of reproductive tract infections\/sexually transmitted infections in women in Delhi","volume":"13","author":"K Ray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1258\/095646204774195191","article-title":"Genital syndromes and syndromic management of vaginal discharge in a community setting","volume":"15","author":"R George","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-143","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections based on the syndromic approach in Gondar town, northwest Ethiopia: a retrospective study","volume":"13","author":"B Moges","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinmicnews.2010.07.001","article-title":"Vaginitis: Clinical and laboratory aspects for diagnosis","volume":"32","author":"P Granato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology Newsletter"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis298","article-title":"Symptomatic vaginal discharge is a poor predictor of sexually transmitted infections and genital tract inflammation in high-risk women in South Africa","volume":"206","author":"K Mlisana","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi072","article-title":"Why do women complain of vaginal discharge? A population survey of infectious and pyschosocial risk factors in a South Asian community","volume":"34","author":"V Patel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"ref16","first-page":"S38","article-title":"Validation of national algorithms for the diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases in Brazil: results from a multicentre study","volume":"74","author":"F Moherdaui","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200008000-00002","article-title":"How effective is syndromic management of STDs?: A review of current studies","volume":"27","author":"A Pettifor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref18","first-page":"621","article-title":"Risk assessment and other screening options for gonorrhoea and chlamydial infections in women attending rural Tanzanian antenatal clinics","volume":"73","author":"P Mayaud","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"ref19","first-page":"S123","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases are common in women attending Jamaican family planning clinics and appropriate detection tools are lacking","volume":"74","author":"FM Behets","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"ref20","first-page":"S128","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of a flow chart using a risk assessment for the diagnosis of STDs in primary healthcare centres in Libreville, Gabon","volume":"74","author":"A Bourgeois","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(10)60035-1","article-title":"Adjuncts to case assessment of vaginal discharge syndrome in pregnant women","volume":"3","author":"J Ekabua","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1080","article-title":"Quality assessment of comparative diagnostic accuracy studies: our experience using a modified version of the QUADAS-2 tool","volume":"4","author":"R Wade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7201","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007201","article-title":"Syndromic management and STI control in urban Peru","volume":"4","author":"JL Clark","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2009.040832","article-title":"Optimising the management of vaginal discharge syndrome in Bulgaria: cost effectiveness of four clinical algorithms with risk assessment","volume":"86","author":"N Cornier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"494769","article-title":"Prevalence and assessment of clinical management of sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in two cities of India","volume":"2011","author":"A Das","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.79.2.111","article-title":"Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and performance of STI syndromes against aetiological diagnosis, in female sex workers of red light area in Surat, India","volume":"79","author":"VK Desai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101221","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101221","article-title":"Epidemiology of curable sexually transmitted infections among women at increased risk for HIV in northwestern Tanzania: inadequacy of syndromic management","volume":"9","author":"SC Francis","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref28","first-page":"483","article-title":"Reproductive tract infections in rural women from the highlands, jungle, and coastal regions of Peru","volume":"82","author":"PJ Garcia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2008.02702.x","article-title":"Validity of the symptomatic approach used by nurses in diagnosing vaginal infections","volume":"18","author":"S Kisa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref30","first-page":"263","article-title":"The effectiveness of a syndromic approach in managing vaginal infections among pregnant women in northern Tanzania","volume":"6","author":"SE Msuya","year":"2009","journal-title":"East Afr J Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref31","first-page":"1265","article-title":"Vaginal discharge in pregnant women: comparison between syndromic approach and examination of clinical nursing practice","volume":"47","author":"TM Lima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Esc Enferm USP"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref32","first-page":"263","article-title":"Validaci\u00f3n de flujogramas para el manejo sindr\u00f3mico de flujo vaginal y dolor abdominal bajo en Honduras. Validation of STI flowcharts for the syndromic management of vaginal discharge and lower abdominal pain in Hond","volume":"6","author":"F Moherdaui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev Med Hondur"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref33","first-page":"155","article-title":"Vaginal discharge: aetiological agents and evaluation of syndromic management in Lagos","volume":"20","author":"CL Onyekonwu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Niger J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2004.10.011","article-title":"Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among adolescents in Kampala, Uganda, and theoretical models for improving syndromic management","volume":"38","author":"EB Rassjo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-7-27","article-title":"Chlamydia and gonorrhoea in pregnant Batswana women: time to discard the syndromic approach?","volume":"7","author":"M Romoren","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.06.031922","article-title":"Trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: inadequately managed with the syndromic approach","volume":"85","author":"M Romoren","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2005.016733","article-title":"Identification of chlamydia and gonorrhoea among women in rural Haiti: maximising access to treatment in a resource poor setting","volume":"82","author":"MC Smith Fawzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2005.014845","article-title":"Lack of effectiveness of syndromic management in targeting vaginal infections in pregnancy in Entebbe, Uganda","volume":"82","author":"CJ Tann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"S3","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(12)61800-1","article-title":"Accuracy of syndromic diagnosis and management for vaginal discharge and cervicitis in women of reproductive age in Bogota, Colombia","volume":"119","author":"JE Tolosa","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2000.00055.x","article-title":"Screening and syndromic approaches to identify gonorrhea and chlamydial infection among women","volume":"31","author":"NL Sloan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stud Fam Plann"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(99)00093-5","article-title":"Clinical management and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases: a review focusing on women","volume":"75","author":"L Brabin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2011-050108.501","article-title":"Aetiological agents of infective vaginal discharge among women attending a std clinic in Kumasi, Ghana","volume":"87","author":"T Agyarko-Poku","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sexually Transmitted Infections"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181bd1007","article-title":"Etiology and determinants of sexually transmitted infections in Karnataka state, south India","volume":"37","author":"M Becker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2005.00457.x","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Sydney women","volume":"45","author":"MY Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2004.011817","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of chlamydia and gonorrhea among rural Nepali women","volume":"81","author":"P Christian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462021924712","article-title":"What proportion of episodes of gonorrhoea and chlamydia becomes symptomatic?","volume":"13","author":"EL Korenromp","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref47","first-page":"22","article-title":"Unrecognized sexually transmitted infections in rural South African women: a hidden epidemic","volume":"77","author":"D Wilkinson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.06.029819","article-title":"The syndromic management of vaginal discharge using single-dose treatments: a randomized controlled trial in West Africa","volume":"84","author":"J Pepin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref49","first-page":"1070","article-title":"Syndromic treatment of gonococcal and chlamydial infections in women seeking primary care for the genital discharge syndrome: decision-making","volume":"79","author":"FM Behets","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.srhc.2010.08.006","article-title":"The effect of syndromic management interventions on the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in South Africa","volume":"2","author":"L Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sexual & Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000137896.40790.7d","article-title":"Changing patterns in sexually transmitted disease syndromes in Kenya after the introduction of a syndromic management program","volume":"31","author":"B Cheluget","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01076.x","article-title":"Syndromic management of sexually transmitted diseases in Botswana&apos;s primary health care: quality of care aspects","volume":"8","author":"E Boonstra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.032011","article-title":"Low effectiveness of syndromic treatment services for curable sexually transmitted infections in rural South Africa","volume":"84","author":"RG White","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2005.019240","article-title":"Effectiveness and cost effectiveness of syndromic sexually transmitted infection packages in South African primary care: cluster randomised trial","volume":"82","author":"M Colvin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/48.6.853","article-title":"Evolution in the trends of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Durban over a 5 year period: impact of the introduction of syndromic management","volume":"48","author":"P Moodley","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S153","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000235177.30718.84","article-title":"The costs of treating curable sexually transmitted infections in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"33","author":"F Terris-Prestholt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200305000-00014","article-title":"A comparison of cost-effectiveness of three protocols for diagnosis and treatment of gonococcal and chlamydial infections in women in Africa","volume":"30","author":"NN Sahin-Hodoglugil","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0163365","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T08:31:25Z","timestamp":1601109085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0163365"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Robert L","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,5]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0163365","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,5]]}}}