{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T07:44:42Z","timestamp":1774683882004,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,27]],"date-time":"2017-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,27]],"date-time":"2017-01-27T13:25:27Z","timestamp":1485523527000},"page":"e0163586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Influenza Vaccination of Healthcare Workers: Critical Analysis of the Evidence for Patient Benefit Underpinning Policies of Enforcement"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Gaston","family":"De Serres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danuta M.","family":"Skowronski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian J.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Gardam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Lemieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annalee","family":"Yassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Patrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mel","family":"Krajden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Loeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Collignon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Carrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"207","article-title":"Meeting of the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on immunization, April 2012 \u2013conclusions and recommendations","volume":"87","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.16.20780","article-title":"Seasonal influenza immunization in Europe. Overview of recommendations and vaccination coverage for three seasons: pre-pandemic (2008\/09), pandemic (2009\/10) and post-pandemic (2010\/11)","volume":"19","author":"J Mereckiene","year":"2014","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"8","article-title":"Immunization of health-care personnel. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)","volume":"60","year":"2011","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"28","article-title":"Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices\u2014United States, 2013\u20132014","volume":"62","year":"2013","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. An Advisory Committee Statement (ACS)\u2014National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI), Statement on seasonal influenza vaccine for 2014\u20132015. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.phac-aspc.gc.ca\/naci-ccni\/assets\/pdf\/flu-grippe-eng\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.phac-aspc.gc.ca\/naci-ccni\/assets\/pdf\/flu-grippe-eng<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"New York State Department of Health. Regulation for prevention of influenza transmission by healthcare and residential facility and agency personnel. Prevention of influenza transmission by healthcare and residential facility and agency personnel. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.health.ny.gov\/diseases\/communicable\/influenza\/seasonal\/providers\/prevention_of_influenza_transmission\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.health.ny.gov\/diseases\/communicable\/influenza\/seasonal\/providers\/prevention_of_influenza_transmission\/<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e312","DOI":"10.17269\/cjph.105.4346","article-title":"Mandatory seasonal influenza vaccination or masking of British Columbia health care workers: Year 1","volume":"105","author":"DS Ksienski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can J Pub Health"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"889","article-title":"Commentary: On being the first","volume":"31","author":"T Talbot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1086\/650752","article-title":"Mandatory influenza vaccination of health care workers: Translating policy to practice","volume":"50","author":"M Babcock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Immunization Action Coalition. Honor roll for patient safety. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.immunize.org\/laws\/influenzahcw.asp\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.immunize.org\/laws\/influenzahcw.asp<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.1.1","article-title":"Influenza vaccination of health care workers in long-term-care hospitals reduces the mortality of elderly patients","volume":"175","author":"J Potter","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)05190-9","article-title":"Effects of influenza vaccination of health-care workers on mortality of elderly people in long-term care: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"355","author":"WF Carman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39010.581354.55","article-title":"Effectiveness of an influenza vaccine program for care home staff to prevent death, morbidity, and health service use among residents: cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"333","author":"AC Hayward","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brit Med J"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2009.02402.x","article-title":"Effect of influenza vaccination of nursing home staff on mortality of residents: a cluster-randomized trial","volume":"57","author":"M Lemaitre","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Geriat Soc"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit580","article-title":"Effect of influenza vaccination of healthcare personnel on morbidity and mortality among patients: systematic review and grading of evidence","volume":"58","author":"F Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"CD005187","article-title":"Influenza vaccination for healthcare workers who work with the elderly","author":"RE Thomas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Sys Rev"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"CD005187","article-title":"Influenza vaccination for healthcare workers who care for people aged 60 or older living in long-term care institutions","author":"RE Thomas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Sys Rev"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"CD005187","article-title":"Influenza vaccination for healthcare workers who care for people aged 60 or older living in long-term care institutions","author":"RE Thomas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Sys Rev"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"GRADE working group, Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Available:, <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.gradeworkinggroup.org\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.gradeworkinggroup.org<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.02.059","article-title":"Is influenza-like illness a useful concept and an appropriate test of influenza vaccine effectiveness?","volume":"32","author":"RE Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70295-X","article-title":"Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"MT Osterholm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.07.059","article-title":"The comparative effectiveness of adjuvanted and unadjuvanted trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) in the elderly","volume":"31","author":"PG Van Buynder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70236-0","article-title":"Mortality benefits of influenza vaccination in elderly people: an ongoing controversy","volume":"7","author":"L Simonsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2013.06.018","article-title":"Hospital-onset influenza hospitalizations\u2014United States, 2010\u20132011","volume":"42","author":"MA Jhung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1086\/674858","article-title":"Healthcare-associated influenza in Canadian hospitals from 2006 to 2012","volume":"35","author":"G Taylor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"R\u00e9gis C, Escuret V, Barret B, Luxemburger C, Pires-Cronenberger S, Gorain C et al. Influenza like illness syndromes in an acute care geriatric unit in Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France during 5 seasons. 20th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Vienna, Austria, 10\u201313 April 2010. Abstract P1221. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.blackwellpublishing.com\/eccmid20\/abstract.asp?id=84320\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.blackwellpublishing.com\/eccmid20\/abstract.asp?id=84320<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"308","article-title":"La grippe nosocomiale chez les adultes \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4pital Edouard Herriot, Lyon (France), hivers 2004\u20132005, 2005\u20132006 et 2006\u20132007 \/ Nosocomial influenza at Edouard Herriot University Hospital, Lyons (France) winters 2004\u20132005, 2005\u20132006 and 2006\u20132007","volume":"34","author":"C R\u00e9gis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull Epid\u00e9miol Hebd"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.09.009","article-title":"Prevention of nosocomial transmission of swine-origin pandemic influenza virus A\/H1N1 by infection control bundle","volume":"74","author":"VC Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Health Protection Agency. HPA national influenza season summary. 2005\/2006 season. March 2006. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/20060323120000\/http:\/\/www.hpa.org.uk\/infections\/topics_az\/influenza\/seasonal\/activity0506\/flureport.htm\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/20060323120000\/http:\/\/www.hpa.org.uk\/infections\/topics_az\/influenza\/seasonal\/activity0506\/flureport.htm<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"Health Protection Agency. HPA national influenza season summary. 2004\/2005 season. May 2005.Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/20140714084352\/http:\/\/www.hpa.org.uk\/infections\/topics_az\/influenza\/seasonal\/activity0405\/text\/summary.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/20140714084352\/http:\/\/www.hpa.org.uk\/infections\/topics_az\/influenza\/seasonal\/activity0405\/text\/summary.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/esm.11.10.00651-en","article-title":"Surveillance of influenza-like illness in England and Wales during 1966\u20132006","volume":"11","author":"AJ Elliot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2807\/esm.10.04.00529-en","article-title":"Epidemiological and virological assessment of influenza activity in Europe during the 2003\u20132004 season","volume":"10","author":"WJ Paget","year":"2005","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"American Health Care association. The state long-term health care sector: characteristics, utilization and government funding: 2011 update, 6 September 2011; <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.ahcancal.org\/research_data\/trends_statistics\/Documents\/ST_rpt_STStats2011_20110906_FINAL_web.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.ahcancal.org\/research_data\/trends_statistics\/Documents\/ST_rpt_STStats2011_20110906_FINAL_web.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimating seasonal influenza-associated deaths in the United States: CDC study confirms variability of flu, 18 March 2015; <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/about\/disease\/us_flu-related_deaths.htm\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/about\/disease\/us_flu-related_deaths.htm<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"AHA Hospital Statistics","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"United States Department of Health and Human Services, The Great Pandemic, the United States in 1918\u20131919; <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.flu.gov\/pandemic\/history\/1918\/the_pandemic\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.flu.gov\/pandemic\/history\/1918\/the_pandemic<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"1073","article-title":"Influenza Vaccination Coverage Among Health-Care Personnel\u2014United States, 2010\u201311 Influenza Season","volume":"60","year":"2011","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"Public Health Toronto. Toronto 2015 Influenza Update, November 13, 2015. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.toronto.ca\/legdocs\/mmis\/2015\/hl\/bgrd\/backgroundfile-85948.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.toronto.ca\/legdocs\/mmis\/2015\/hl\/bgrd\/backgroundfile-85948.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"Influenza coverage for BC health care facilities: Influenza immunization coverage among acute care hospital staff, 2014\u201315. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.bccdc.ca\/resource-gallery\/Documents\/Statistics%20and%20Research\/Statistics%20and%20Reports\/Immunization\/Coverage\/Acute_HCWs_2014_15_influenza_vaccination_coverage.pdf:\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.bccdc.ca\/resource-gallery\/Documents\/Statistics%20and%20Research\/Statistics%20and%20Reports\/Immunization\/Coverage\/Acute_HCWs_2014_15_influenza_vaccination_coverage.pdf:<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit060","article-title":"Influenza vaccine effectiveness in the community and the household","volume":"56","author":"SE Ohmit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.11.016","article-title":"Assessment of influenza vaccine effectiveness in a sentinel surveillance network 2010\u201313, United States","volume":"34","author":"BJ Cowling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis431","article-title":"A sentinel platform to evaluate influenza vaccine effectiveness and new variant circulation, Canada 2010\u20132011 season","volume":"55","author":"DM Skowronski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0118369","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118369","article-title":"Estimating influenza disease burden from population-based surveillance data in the United States","volume":"10","author":"C Reed","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1401480","article-title":"Influenza vaccination of pregnant women and protection of their infants","volume":"371","author":"SA Madhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq004","article-title":"Trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in African adults infected with human immunodeficient virus: double blind, randomized clinical trial of Efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety","volume":"52","author":"SA Madhi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.09.092","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a live attenuated influenza vaccine in adults 60 years of age and older","volume":"28","author":"PJ De Villiers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215817","article-title":"Vaccine for prevention of mild and moderate-to-severe influenza in children","volume":"369","author":"VK Jain","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.07.104","article-title":"Modeling the effects of influenza vaccination of health care workers in hospital departments","volume":"27","author":"C van den Dool","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050200","article-title":"The effects of influenza vaccination of health care workers in nursing homes: insights from a mathematical model","volume":"5","author":"C van den Dool","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7067.1241","article-title":"Incidence and recall of influenza in a cohort of Glasgow healthcare workers during the 1993\u20134 epidemic: results of serum testing and questionnaire","volume":"313","author":"AG Elder","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brit Med J"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.500","article-title":"Risk of influenza-like illness in an acute health care setting during community influenza epidemics in 2004\u20132005, 2005\u20132006, and 2006\u20132007","volume":"171","author":"P Vanhems","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-30","article-title":"Influenza vaccination of healthcare workers in acute-care hospitals: a case-control study of its effect on hospital-acquired influenza among patients","volume":"12","author":"T B\u00e9net","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.18.05.20389-en","article-title":"Vaccine effectiveness of 2011\/12 trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza in primary care in the United Kingdom: evidence of waning intra-seasonal protection","volume":"18","author":"RG Pebody","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu647","article-title":"Influenza vaccine effectiveness in the United States during 2012\u20132013: Variable protection by age and virus type","volume":"211","author":"HQ McLean","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"27","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.27.20851","article-title":"Effectiveness of trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza in primary care in the United Kingdom: 2012\/13 end of season results","volume":"19","author":"N Andrews","year":"2014","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"10","article-title":"Early estimates of seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness\u2014United States, January 2015","volume":"64","author":"B Flannery","year":"2015","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.7.30139","article-title":"Vaccine effectiveness in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza in primary care patients in a season of co-circulation of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, B and drifted A(H3N2), I-MOVE Multicentre Case\u2013Control Study, Europe 2014\/15","volume":"21","author":"M Valenciano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2015.20.5.21025","article-title":"Low effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza in primary care in the United Kingdom: 2014\/15 mid-season results","volume":"20","author":"R Pebody","year":"2015","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw176","article-title":"A perfect storm: Impact of genomic variation and serial vaccination on low influenza vaccine effectiveness during the 2014\u201315 season","volume":"63","author":"DM Skowronski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00129-8","article-title":"Variable influenza vaccine effectiveness by type and subtype: meta-analysis of studies using the test-negative design. a systematic review and meta-analysis of test-negative design studies","volume":"16","author":"EA Belongia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.2.179","article-title":"Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States","volume":"289","author":"WW Thompson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"148","article-title":"Modern Epidemiology","author":"K Rothman","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi274","article-title":"Weiss, NS. Evidence of bias in estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness in seniors","volume":"35","author":"LA Jackson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"26","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20512","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2013.18.26.20512","article-title":"Hospital-based cluster randomised controlled trial to assess effects of a multi-faceted programme on influenza vaccine coverage among hospital healthcare workers and nosocomial influenza in the Netherlands, 2009 to 2011","volume":"18","author":"J Riphagen-Dalhuisen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1086\/501725","article-title":"Influenza vaccination levels and influenza-like illness in long-term-care facilities for elderly people in Niigata, Japan, during an influenza A (H3N2) epidemic","volume":"21","author":"H Oshitani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03715.x","article-title":"Absence of influenza A(H1N1) during seasonal and pandemic seasons in a sentinel nursing home surveillance network in the Netherlands","volume":"59","author":"R Enserink","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1086\/661916","article-title":"Importance of employee vaccination against influenza in preventing cases in long-term care facilities","volume":"32","author":"AM Wendelboe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.10.119","article-title":"Effects of repeated annual inactivated influenza vaccination among healthcare personnel on serum hemagglutination inhibition antibody response to A\/Perth\/16\/2009 (H3N2)-like virus during 2010\u201311","volume":"34","author":"MG Thompson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu650","article-title":"Influenza vaccine effectiveness in households with children during the 2012\u201313 season: assessments of prior vaccination and serologic susceptibility","volume":"211","author":"SE Ohmit","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit736","article-title":"Influenza vaccine effectiveness in the 2011\u20132012 season: protection against each circulating virus and the effect of prior vaccination on estimates","volume":"58","author":"SE Ohmit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu680","article-title":"Impact of repeated vaccination on vaccine effectiveness against influenza A(H3N2) and B during 8 seasons","volume":"59","author":"HQ McLean","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.7.30139","article-title":"Vaccine effectiveness in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza in primary care patients in a season of co-circulation of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, B and drifted A(H3N2), I-MOVE multicentre case\u2013control study, Europe 2014\/15","volume":"21","author":"M Valenciano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268805005479","article-title":"Repeated influenza vaccination of healthy children and adults: borrow now, pay later?","volume":"134","author":"F Carrat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70263-4","article-title":"Yearly influenza vaccinations: a double-edged sword?","volume":"9","author":"R Bodewes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.04.086","article-title":"Annual influenza vaccination affects the development of heterosubtypic immunity","volume":"30","author":"R Bodewes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000258","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000258","article-title":"Association between the 2008\u201309 seasonal influenza vaccine and pandemic H1N1 illness during spring-summer 2009: Four observational studies from Canada","volume":"7","author":"DM Skowronski","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86555","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086555","article-title":"Randomized controlled ferret study to assess the direct impact of 2008\u201309 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine on A(H1N1)pdm09 disease risk","volume":"9","author":"DM Skowronski","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1904.111812","article-title":"Risk factors for influenza among health care workers during 2009 pandemic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","volume":"19","author":"SP Kuster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2009.12.006","article-title":"Influenza vaccination and sick leave practices and perceptions reported by health care workers in ambulatory care settings","volume":"38","author":"W Turnberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2011.00245.x","article-title":"Respiratory illnesses in Canadian health care workers: a pilot study of influenza vaccine and oseltamivir prophylaxis during the 2007\/2008 influenza season","volume":"5","author":"BL Coleman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Influenza Other Resp Viruses"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ163","article-title":"Influenza among afebrile and vaccinated healthcare workers","volume":"60","author":"JP Ridgway","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref82","article-title":"Has the emperor got clothes: scientific evidence and compulsory health care worker influenza immunization","author":"G De Serres","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0163586","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]],"date-time":"2019-09-17T21:44:28Z","timestamp":1568756668000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0163586"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Lamberto","family":"Manzoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,27]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0163586","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,27]]}}}