{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T16:02:02Z","timestamp":1777651322995,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,25]],"date-time":"2016-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009054","name":"U.S. President\u2019s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5U2GPS001328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5U2GPS001328"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005258","name":"National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U62\/PSO022901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U62\/PSO022901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005258","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U60\/CCU0222088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U60\/CCU0222088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,25]],"date-time":"2016-10-25T17:28:37Z","timestamp":1477416517000},"page":"e0164939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Typhoid Fever in South Africa in an Endemic HIV Setting"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Karen H.","family":"Keddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arvinda","family":"Sooka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Musekiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nomsa P.","family":"Tau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith P.","family":"Klugman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederick J.","family":"Angulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"GERMS-SA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10401","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.01.010401","article-title":"Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever: Systematic review to estimate global morbidity and mortality for 2010","volume":"2","author":"GC Buckle","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0","article-title":"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"R Lozano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.06.039818","article-title":"A study of typhoid fever in five Asian countries: disease burden and implications for controls","volume":"86","author":"RL Ochiai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29119","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029119","article-title":"Population-based incidence of typhoid fever in an urban informal settlement and a rural area in Kenya: implications for typhoid vaccine use in Africa","volume":"7","author":"RF Breiman","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807009338","article-title":"Part I. Analysis of data gaps pertaining to <italic>Salmonella enterica<\/italic> serotype Typhi infections in low and medium human development index countries, 1984\u20132005","volume":"136","author":"JA Crump","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1991.00400020125026","article-title":"Association between the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and infection with <italic>Salmonella typhi<\/italic> or <italic>Salmonella paratyphi<\/italic> in an endemic typhoid area","volume":"151","author":"E Gotuzzo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq103","article-title":"Invasive bacterial and fungal infections among hospitalized HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected adults and adolescents in northern Tanzania","volume":"52","author":"JA Crump","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Actuarial Society of South Africa (2011) ASSA Provincial Output_110216; <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.actuarialsociety.org.za\" xlink:type=\"simple\">www.actuarialsociety.org.za<\/ext-link>. Accessed 1 August 2012."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-144","article-title":"High-throughput bacterial SNP typing identifies distinct clusters of <italic>Salmonella<\/italic> Typhi causing typhoid in Nepalese children","volume":"10","author":"KE Holt","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1245","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001245","article-title":"Emergence of a globally dominant IncHI1 plasmid type associated with multiple drug resistant typhoid","volume":"5","author":"KE Holt","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e929","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000929","article-title":"Temporal fluctuation of multidrug resistant <italic>Salmonella<\/italic> Typhi haplotypes in the Mekong River Delta region of Vietnam","volume":"5","author":"KE Holt","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02026-14","article-title":"Genomic signature of multidrug-resistant <italic>Salmonella enterica<\/italic> serovar Typhi isolates related to a massive outbreak in Zambia between 2010 and 2012","volume":"53","author":"RS Hendriksen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01983-09","article-title":"Typhoid in Kenya is associated with a dominant multidrug-resistant <italic>Salmonella enterica<\/italic> serovar Typhi haplotype that is also widespread in Southeast Asia","volume":"48","author":"S Kariuki","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-091313-103739","article-title":"<italic>Salmonella enterica<\/italic> serovar Typhi and the pathogenesis of typhoid fever","volume":"68","author":"G Dougan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis224","article-title":"Systemic Shigellosis in South Africa","volume":"54","author":"KH Keddy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02901.x","article-title":"Severity of illness scoring systems in patients with bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia: implications for the intensive care unit care","volume":"15","author":"C Feldman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2016.06.018","article-title":"A novel broadly applicable PCR-RFLP method for rapid identification and subtyping of H58 <italic>Salmonella<\/italic> Typhi","volume":"127","author":"M Murgia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1609.100125","article-title":"Typhoid fever and invasive nontyphoid salmonellosis, Malawi and South Africa","volume":"16","author":"NA Feasey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810002207","article-title":"Molecular epidemiological investigation of a typhoid fever outbreak in South Africa, 2005: the relationship to a previous epidemic in 1993","volume":"139","author":"KH Keddy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.030700-0","article-title":"International collaboration tracks typhoid fever cases over two continents from South Africa to Australia","volume":"60","author":"AM Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"National Department of Health (2012) 2011 National Antenatal Sentinel HIV &amp; Syphilis Prevalence Survey."},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"269","article-title":"Immunological studies in typhoid fever. II. Cell-mediated immune responses and lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with typhoid fever","volume":"47","author":"P Rajagopalan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7838","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900382","article-title":"Culling of activated CD4 T cells during typhoid is driven by <italic>Salmonella<\/italic> virulence genes","volume":"182","author":"A Srinivasan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-38","article-title":"Typhoid fever as a cause of opportunistic infection: case report","volume":"6","author":"C Colomba","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.61.41","article-title":"Influence of sex on clinical features, laboratory findings, and complications of typhoid fever","volume":"61","author":"M Khan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1086\/375590","article-title":"Sexual transmission of typhoid fever: a multistate outbreak among men who have sex with men","volume":"37","author":"ME Reller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1921","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001921","article-title":"<italic>Salmonella typhi<\/italic> in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: fluoroquinolone decreased susceptibility on the rise","volume":"6","author":"O Lunguya","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e114702","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114702","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of typhoid fever during an epidemic in Harare, Zimbabwe, 2012","volume":"9","author":"JA Polonsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis012","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever with neurologic findings on the Malawi-Mozambique border","volume":"54","author":"E Lutterloh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000432987.53271.40","article-title":"South African child deaths 1990\u20132011: have HIV services reversed the trend enough to meet Millennium Development Goal 4?","volume":"27","author":"KJ Kerber","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"National Department of Health SA (2003) Comprehensive HIV and AIDS Care, Management and Treatement Plan. South Africa 2003; <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.hst.org.za\/sites\/default\/files\/aidsplan.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.hst.org.za\/sites\/default\/files\/aidsplan.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 9 February 2015."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3281","article-title":"Phylogeographical analysis of the dominant multidrug-resistant H58 clade of <italic>Salmonella<\/italic> Typhi identifies inter- and intracontinental transmission events","volume":"47","author":"VK Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2423","article-title":"Intracontinental spread of human invasive <italic>Salmonella<\/italic> Typhimurium pathovariants in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"44","author":"CK Okoro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S272","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ685","article-title":"Clinical and microbiological features of <italic>Salmonella<\/italic> meningitis in a South African population, 2003\u20132013","volume":"61","author":"KH Keddy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0164939","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T15:07:54Z","timestamp":1589036874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0164939"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Dipshikha","family":"Chakravortty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,25]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0164939","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,25]]}}}