{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:07:27Z","timestamp":1791389247821,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,27]],"date-time":"2016-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Centers of Disease Control and Prevention","award":["2011-E46003-00 and 2012-E46003-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011-E46003-00 and 2012-E46003-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,27]],"date-time":"2016-10-27T17:58:50Z","timestamp":1477591130000},"page":"e0165553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Microorganisms Causing Community-Acquired Acute Bronchitis: The Role of Bacterial Infection"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ji Young","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunghoon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun Hwa","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myung Goo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong Bum","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kil Chan","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Myung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Do Il","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki-Hyun","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyeong-Cheol","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwang Ha","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongchun","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Hun","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki-Suck","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong Il","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"20","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp061493","article-title":"Acute Bronchitis","volume":"355","author":"RP Wenzel","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.5214","article-title":"Use and prescription of antibiotics in primary health care settings in China","volume":"174","author":"J Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-134-6-200103200-00021","article-title":"Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of uncomplicated acute bronchitis: background","volume":"134","author":"R Gonzales","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f5762","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f5762","article-title":"Efficacy of anti-inflammatory or antibiotic treatment in patients with non-complicated acute bronchitis and discoloured sputum: randomised placebo controlled trial","volume":"347","author":"C Llor","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70300-6","article-title":"Amoxicillin for acute lower-respiratory-tract infection in primary care when pneumonia is not suspected: a 12-country, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"P Little","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"Cd000245","article-title":"Antibiotics for acute bronchitis","volume":"3","author":"SM Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.56.2.109","article-title":"Prospective study of the incidence, aetiology and outcome of adult lower respiratory tract illness in the community","volume":"56","author":"J Macfarlane","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"8844","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90275-L","article-title":"Prospective study of aetiology and outcome of adult lower-respiratory-tract infections in the community","volume":"341","author":"JT Macfarlane","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.11.2528","article-title":"Effectiveness of short-course therapy (5 days) with cefuroxime axetil in treatment of secondary bacterial infections of acute bronchitis","volume":"39","author":"D Henry","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03672.x","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections\u2014full version","volume":"17","author":"M Woodhead","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"7627","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39345.405243.BE","article-title":"Protective effect of antibiotics against serious complications of common respiratory tract infections: retrospective cohort study with the UK General Practice Research Database","volume":"335","author":"I Petersen","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Pandemic influenza preparedness and response: a WHO guidance document, Global Influenza Programme, Geneva 2009 [accessed 2013\/08\/22]. Available from: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/44123\/1\/9789241547680_eng.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Korean Influenza Surveillance Scheme [accessed 2012\/10\/02]. Available from: http:\/\/www.cdc.go.kr\/CDC\/eng\/contents\/CdcEngContentView.jsp?cid=18174&menuIds=HOME002-MNU0826-MNU0827<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2004.10.020","article-title":"Sputum color as a marker of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"99","author":"L Allegra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2015.30.10.1446","article-title":"Role of Atypical Pathogens and the Antibiotic Prescription Pattern in Acute Bronchitis: A Multicenter Study in Korea","volume":"30","author":"S Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref16","first-page":"339","article-title":"Microscopic and baceriologic analysis of expectorated sputum","volume":"50","author":"PR Murray","year":"1975","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2010.42.6.397","article-title":"The Bacterial Etiology of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Korea: A Nationwide Prospective Multicenter Study","volume":"42","author":"YP C","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Chemother"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.14776\/kjpid.2012.19.2.71","article-title":"Phylogenetic Analysis of Human Bocavirus in Hospitalized Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Korea","volume":"19","author":"JG Ahn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean J Pediatr Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2006.21.4.602","article-title":"Atypical pathogens as etiologic agents in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia in Korea: a prospective multi-center study","volume":"21","author":"JW Sohn","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.05464-0","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of legionnaires' disease due to Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1: comparison of phenotypic and genotypic methods","volume":"53","author":"DS Lindsay","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.35.1.117-120.1997","article-title":"Detection of Bordetella pertussis in clinical specimens by PCR and a microtiter plate-based DNA hybridization assay","volume":"35","author":"S Nelson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.097311","article-title":"Placebo found equivalent to amoxicillin for treatment of acute bronchitis in Nairobi, Kenya: a triple blind, randomised, equivalence trial","volume":"63","author":"VN Nduba","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0761-8425(04)71233-4","article-title":"Epidemiology and diagnosis of respiratory syncitial virus in adults","volume":"21","author":"F Freymuth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Mal Respir"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3109\/02813439709018507","article-title":"Acute bronchitis in adults. How close do we come to its aetiology in general practice?","volume":"15","author":"JS Jonsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand J Prim Health Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(01)00324-8","article-title":"A comparative study of the etiology of adult upper and lower respiratory tract infections in the community","volume":"42","author":"D Lieberman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2004.027441","article-title":"Aetiological role of viral and bacterial infections in acute adult lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in primary care","volume":"61","author":"DD Creer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"9318","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08597-5","article-title":"Azithromycin for acute bronchitis: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial","volume":"359","author":"AT Evans","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki330","article-title":"Treating patients not diagnoses: challenging assumptions underlying the investigation and management of LRTI in general practice","volume":"56","author":"RM Hopstaken","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95s","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.129.1_suppl.95S","article-title":"Chronic cough due to acute bronchitis: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines","volume":"129","author":"SS Braman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"9014","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90670-4","article-title":"Effects of antibiotic treatment in the subset of common-cold patients who have bacteria in nasopharyngeal secretions","volume":"347","author":"L Kaiser","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"Cd007498","article-title":"Procalcitonin to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections","volume":"9","author":"P Schuetz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"7117","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7117.1206","article-title":"Prospective case-control study of role of infection in patients who reconsult after initial antibiotic treatment for lower respiratory tract infection in primary care","volume":"315","author":"J Macfarlane","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"540","key":"ref33","first-page":"547","article-title":"Aetiology and prediction of pneumonia in lower respiratory tract infection in primary care","volume":"57","author":"A Holm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"498","key":"ref34","first-page":"15","article-title":"Pathogens involved in lower respiratory tract infections in general practice","volume":"54","author":"AW Graffelman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"9773","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61459-6","article-title":"Viral pneumonia","volume":"377","author":"O Ruuskanen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200407-970OC","article-title":"Quantitative and qualitative analysis of rhinovirus infection in bronchial tissues","volume":"171","author":"AG Mosser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1086\/338570","article-title":"Rhinovirus infection increases 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2 in bronchial biopsy specimens from nonatopic subjects","volume":"185","author":"ML Seymour","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1086\/524312","article-title":"A recently identified rhinovirus genotype is associated with severe respiratory-tract infection in children in Germany","volume":"196","author":"N Renwick","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.46.6364","article-title":"Disease severity in patients with simultaneous influenza and bacterial pneumonia","volume":"46","author":"M Seki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.075077","article-title":"Incidence and characteristics of viral community-acquired pneumonia in adults","volume":"63","author":"LC Jennings","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2010.01722.x","article-title":"Prevalence of viral infection detected by PCR and RT-PCR in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"A Mohan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-201924","article-title":"Changes in prevalence and load of airway bacteria using quantitative PCR in stable and exacerbated COPD","volume":"67","author":"DS Garcha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00012707","article-title":"The role of atypical respiratory pathogens in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"30","author":"BM Diederen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2014.29.9.1232","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects of pertussis among adults and adolescents in a Korean outpatient setting: a multicenter, PCR-based study","volume":"29","author":"S Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-134","article-title":"Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in a population-based study: link between etiology and patients characteristics, process-of-care, clinical evolution and outcomes","volume":"12","author":"A Capelastegui","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01226.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adult patients at the dawn of the 21st century: a prospective study on the Mediterranean coast of Spain","volume":"11","author":"F Gutierrez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0165553","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]],"date-time":"2020-09-27T00:20:11Z","timestamp":1601166011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0165553"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Larcombe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,27]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0165553","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,27]]}}}