{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T07:39:34Z","timestamp":1790062774498,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,16]],"date-time":"2016-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1479254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grace Communications Foundation"},{"name":"Royster Society Fellowship"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008632","name":"Center for a Livable Future, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (US)","award":["1K01OH010193-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1K01OH010193-01A1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000076","name":"Directorate for Biological Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1316318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1316318"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5T32ES007141-30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32ES007141-30"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Sherrilyn and Ken Fisher Center for Environmental Infectious Diseases Discovery Program at the Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases","award":["018HEA2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["018HEA2013"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (US)","award":["1R01AI101371-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01AI101371-01A1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,16]],"date-time":"2016-11-16T18:30:47Z","timestamp":1479321047000},"page":"e0165713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Livestock-Associated, Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage and Recent Skin and Soft Tissue Infection among Industrial Hog Operation Workers"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Maya","family":"Nadimpalli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill R.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Pierce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Pisanic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Love","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devon","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesper","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen C.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsigereda","family":"Tekle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trish M.","family":"Perl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3211-8495","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Heaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0072","article-title":"The emergence of Staphylococcus aureus ST398","volume":"11","author":"TC Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2007.01489.x","article-title":"Culture-independent approach of the bacterial bioaerosol diversity in the standard swine confinement buildings, and assessment of the seasonal effect","volume":"10","author":"B Nehme","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108685","article-title":"Concentrated swine feeding operations and public health: a review of occupational and community health effects","volume":"108","author":"D Cole","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2014.15.4.529","article-title":"Occurrence and characterization of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pig industries of northern Thailand","volume":"15","author":"P Patchanee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19184","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19184","article-title":"Livestock-associated methicillin and multidrug resistant S. aureus in humans is associated with occupational pig contact, not pet contact","volume":"6","author":"X Ye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2014-102095","article-title":"Persistence of livestock-associated antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among industrial hog operation workers in North Carolina over 14 days","volume":"72","author":"M Nadimpalli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Clin Infect Dis","author":"SE Wardyn","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 is an increasing cause of disease in people with no livestock contact in Denmark, 1999 to 2011","volume":"20","author":"J Larsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Euro Surveill Bull Eur sur les Mal Transm Eur Commun Dis Bull"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03662.x","article-title":"Emergence of MRSA of unknown origin in the Netherlands","volume":"18","author":"WSN Lekkerkerk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Rijen MML, Bosch T, Verkade EJM, Schouls L, Kluytmans JAJW, Group CAMS. Livestock-associated MRSA carriage in patients without direct contact with livestock. 2014;","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100294"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"The clinical impact of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of the clonal complex 398 for humans","author":"K Becker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70295-4","article-title":"The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections","volume":"5","author":"HFL Wertheim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Virulence and resistance determinants in German Staphylococcus aureus ST398 isolates from non-human origin","author":"MA Argud\u00edn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2014.06.006","article-title":"LA-MRSA CC398 differ from classical community acquired-MRSA and hospital acquired-MRSA lineages: Functional analysis of infection and colonization processes","volume":"304","author":"B Ballhausen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"e00305","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus CC398: host adaptation and emergence of methicillin resistance in livestock","volume":"3","author":"LB Price","year":"2012","journal-title":"MBio. Am Soc Microbiol"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"The nosocomial transmission rate of animal-associated ST398 meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","author":"MCJ Bootsma","year":"2010","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1911.121085","article-title":"Transmissibility of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"19","author":"DJ Hetem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-197706000-00004","article-title":"Potential health hazards to agricultural workers in swine confinement buildings","volume":"19","author":"KJ Donham","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Occup Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20157","article-title":"Laceration injuries among workers at meat packing plants","volume":"47","author":"C Cai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.32041","article-title":"Zoonoses: an occupational hazard for livestock workers and a public health concern for rural communities","volume":"16","author":"J LeJeune","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Agric Saf Health"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-014-0034-8","article-title":"Human Infections with Staphylococcus aureus CC398","volume":"2","author":"TC Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Environ Heal Reports"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"MRSA colonization and infection among persons with occupational livestock exposure in Europe: Prevalence, preventive options and evidence","author":"T Goerge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Health and health-related quality of life in pig farmers carrying livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","author":"BA Van Cleef","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2014.09.004","article-title":"Characterization of tetracycline and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in a Spanish hospital: Is livestock-contact a risk factor in infections caused by MRSA CC398?","volume":"304","author":"D Benito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1086\/661285","article-title":"Effectiveness of measures to eradicate Staphylococcus aureus carriage in patients with community-associated skin and soft-tissue infections: a randomized trial","volume":"32","author":"SA Fritz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48508","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048508","article-title":"Equivalence of self- and staff-collected nasal swabs for the detection of viral respiratory pathogens","volume":"7","author":"MK Akmatov","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir803","article-title":"Validation of self-swab for virologic confirmation of influenza virus infections in a community setting","volume":"205","author":"DKM Ip","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3340","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02235-09","article-title":"Development and Evaluation of a Flocked Nasal Midturbinate Swab for Self-Collection in Respiratory Virus Infection Diagnostic Testing","volume":"48","author":"M Smieja","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.058248-0","article-title":"Identification of Staphylococcus aureus from enriched nasal swabs within 24 h is improved with use of multiple culture media","volume":"62","author":"M Nadimpalli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.6.2429-2433.2000","article-title":"Rapid identification of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus and simultaneous species confirmation using real-time fluorescence PCR","volume":"38","author":"U Reischl","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03715.x","article-title":"Rapid detection, differentiation and typing of methicillin\u2010resistant Staphylococcus aureus harbouring either mecA or the new mecA homologue mecALGA251","volume":"18","author":"M Stegger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1086\/313461","article-title":"Involvement of Panton-Valentine leukocidin\u2014producing Staphylococcus aureus in primary skin infections and pneumonia","volume":"29","author":"G Lina","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance. Protocol for spa Typing [Internet]. Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; 2009. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.crl-ar.eu\/data\/images\/tc_april-2009\/7-protocols for spa typing.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.crl-ar.eu\/data\/images\/tc_april-2009\/7-protocols for spa typing.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr497","article-title":"High prevalence of spa types associated with the clonal lineage CC398 among tetracycline-resistant methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus strains in a Spanish hospital","volume":"67","author":"C Lozano","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.09.025","article-title":"spa type distribution in Staphylococcus aureus originating from pigs, cattle and poultry","volume":"141","author":"H Hasman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1409.071576","article-title":"Pigs as source of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 infections in humans, Denmark","volume":"14","author":"HC Lewis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Suceptibility Testing: Twenty-third Informational Supplement. 2013."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67641","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067641","article-title":"Livestock-Associated Methicillin and Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Is Present among Industrial, Not Antibiotic-Free Livestock Operation Workers in North Carolina","volume":"8","author":"JL Rinsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3892","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00091-16","article-title":"Genotypic and Phenotypic Markers of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC9 in Humans","volume":"82","author":"X Ye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.2307\/1403146","article-title":"Model robust confidence intervals using maximum likelihood estimators","author":"RM Royall","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int Stat Rev Int Stat"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22325","article-title":"Laceration injuries and infections among workers in the poultry processing and pork meatpacking industries","volume":"57","author":"E Kyeremateng-Amoah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"331","article-title":"Self-reported methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in USA pork producers","volume":"17","author":"KR Leedom Larson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/10599240801985373","article-title":"Traumatic Injury Rates in Meatpacking Plant Workers","volume":"13","author":"K Culp","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Agromedicine"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02803-14","article-title":"Transmission and Persistence of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Veterinarians and Their Household Members","volume":"81","author":"T Bosch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1086\/427240","article-title":"The clonality of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage","volume":"191","author":"C Cespedes","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7560","article-title":"Capturing the cloud of diversity reveals complexity and heterogeneity of MRSA carriage, infection and transmission","volume":"6","author":"GK Paterson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit807","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing shows that patient-to-patient transmission rarely accounts for acquisition of Staphylococcus aureus in an intensive care unit","volume":"58","author":"JR Price","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.7.2660-2662.2001","article-title":"Improved Detection of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus Using Phenyl Mannitol Broth Containing Aztreonam and Ceftizoxime","volume":"39","author":"H Wertheim","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02836.x","article-title":"Body site colonization in patients with community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and other types of S. aureus skin infections","volume":"16","author":"ES Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref50","unstructured":"Census of Agriculture. 2007 Census of Agriculture [Internet]. Washington D.C.; 2007. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.agcensus.usda.gov\/Publications\/2007\/Full_Report\/Volume_1,_Chapter_1_State_Level\/North_Carolina\/st37_1_062_062.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.agcensus.usda.gov\/Publications\/2007\/Full_Report\/Volume_1,_Chapter_1_State_Level\/North_Carolina\/st37_1_062_062.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref51","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture. 2010 National Agricultural Statistics Service. [Internet]. 2010. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/usda.mannlib.cornell.edu\/MannUsda\/viewDocumentInfo.dojsessionid=F154BA78C7C50C021C8CA924EDB72FD5?documentID=1063\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/usda.mannlib.cornell.edu\/MannUsda\/viewDocumentInfo.dojsessionid=F154BA78C7C50C021C8CA924EDB72FD5?documentID=1063<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref52","unstructured":"United States Department of Commerce. 2010 Current Population Survey [Internet]. 2010. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.census.gov\/cps\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.census.gov\/cps\/<\/ext-link>"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0165713","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]],"date-time":"2020-09-27T09:43:20Z","timestamp":1601199800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0165713"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Tara C","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,16]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0165713","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,16]]}}}