{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:33:27Z","timestamp":1791286407998,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,21]],"date-time":"2016-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1479686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Germany","award":["81141843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81141843"]}]},{"name":"CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), led by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)"},{"name":"CGIAR Fund Donors (http:\/\/www.cgiar.org\/who-we-are\/cgiar-fund\/fund-donors-2)"},{"name":"CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish, led by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)"},{"name":"International Fund for Agricultural Development \u2013 European Commission","award":["COFIN-ECG-63-ILRI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COFIN-ECG-63-ILRI"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,21]],"date-time":"2016-11-21T14:17:13Z","timestamp":1479737833000},"page":"e0166258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["First Report of the Occurrence of Trichinella-Specific Antibodies in Domestic Pigs in Central and Eastern Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2553-1129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina","family":"Roesel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karsten","family":"N\u00f6ckler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian P. O.","family":"Baumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinhard","family":"Fries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel M.","family":"Dione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter-Henning","family":"Clausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delia","family":"Grace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00026-08","article-title":"Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis","volume":"22","author":"B Gottstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.03.013","article-title":"Trichinella britovi etiological agent of sylvatic trichinellosis in the Republic of Guinea (West Africa) and a re-evaluation of geographical distribution for encapsulated species in Africa","volume":"35","author":"E Pozio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.07.002","article-title":"World distribution of <italic>Trichinella<\/italic> spp. infections in animals and humans","volume":"149","author":"E Pozio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1712.110896","article-title":"Worldwide occurrence and impact of human trichinellosis, 1986\u20132009","volume":"17","author":"KD Murrell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.09.005","article-title":"<italic>Trichinella<\/italic> infections in animals and humans in sub-Saharan Africa: A review","volume":"125","author":"S Mukaratirwa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Dupouy-Camet J, Murrell K. FAO\/WHO\/OIE Guidelines for the surveillance, management, prevention and control of trichinellosis. Paris, France; 2007."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.2307\/3284388","article-title":"<italic>Trichinella nelsoni<\/italic> in carnivores from the Serengeti ecosystem, Tanzania","volume":"83","author":"E Pozio","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.08.029","article-title":"<italic>Trichinella zimbabwensis<\/italic> in wild reptiles of Zimbabwe and Mozambique and farmed reptiles of Ethiopia","volume":"143","author":"E Pozio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.041","article-title":"<italic>Trichinella nelsoni<\/italic> and <italic>Trichinella<\/italic> T8 mixed infection in a lion (Panthera leo) of the Kruger National Park (South Africa)","volume":"159","author":"G Marucci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.12.015","article-title":"<italic>Trichinella zimbabwensis<\/italic> in wild Nile crocodiles (<italic>Crocodylus niloticus<\/italic>) of South Africa","volume":"161","author":"LJ La Grange","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X09990241","article-title":"<italic>Trichinella zimbabwensis<\/italic> in a naturally infected mammal","volume":"84","author":"LJ La Grange","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X12000089","article-title":"The occurrence of <italic>Trichinella zimbabwensis<\/italic> in naturally infected wild crocodiles (<italic>Crocodylus niloticus<\/italic>) from the Kruger National Park, South Africa","volume":"87","author":"LJ La Grange","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v81i1.836","article-title":"First report of a mixed infection of <italic>Trichinella nelsoni<\/italic> and <italic>Trichinella<\/italic> T8 in a leopard (Panthera pardus) from the Greater Kruger National Park, South Africa","volume":"81","author":"LJ La Grange","year":"2014","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"233","article-title":"Trichinosis (<italic>Trichinella spiralis<\/italic> infestations) in wild animals of the Kruger National Park","volume":"46","author":"E Young","year":"1975","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"280","article-title":"Epidemiological study on trichinellosis in pigs and man in Upper Egypt","volume":"56","author":"A Sayed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Assiut Vet Med J"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"278","article-title":"Trichinosis from wild boar meat in Gojjam, north-west Ethiopia","volume":"44","author":"H Kefenie","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"97","article-title":"Trichinosis from wild boar meat in Arsi, central Ethiopia","volume":"26","author":"H Kefenie","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ethiop Med J"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"643","article-title":"<italic>Trichinella spiralis<\/italic>: incidental finding","volume":"54","author":"RG Kaminsky","year":"1977","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"185","article-title":"An outbreak of trichinosis in Tanzania","volume":"54","author":"MW Bura","year":"1977","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Trichinellosis acquired in Senegal from warthog ham, March 2009","volume":"14","author":"J Dupouy-Camet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull Eur sur les Mal Transm"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"839","article-title":"A case of trichinellosis with spontaneous remission","volume":"77","author":"T Nakamura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kansensh\u014dgaku zasshi J Japanese Assoc Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/164.5.1013","article-title":"<italic>Trichinella<\/italic> infection in travelers","volume":"164","author":"JB McAuley","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-012-0338-3","article-title":"Prevalence and some risk factors associated with trichinellosis in backyard pig farms in Zaria, Nigeria","volume":"45","author":"HA Momoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.5455\/ajvs.191632","article-title":"Seroprevalence of <italic>Trichinella<\/italic> antibodies in pigs reared under different husbandry systems in Southwestern Nigeria","volume":"47","author":"O Adediran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alexandria J Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1023\/B:TROP.0000026663.07862.2a","article-title":"A slaughter slab survey for extra-intestinal porcine helminth infections in northern Tanzania","volume":"36","author":"HA Ngowi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(99)00159-4","article-title":"Parasites in cross-bred pigs in the Upper East Region of Ghana","volume":"87","author":"A Permin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"753","article-title":"<italic>Trichinella<\/italic> encysted larvae in slaughtered pigs in Cairo (1995\u20131999)","volume":"30","author":"TA Morsy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252316000104","article-title":"Where literature is scarce: observations and lessons learnt from four systematic reviews of zoonoses in African countries","volume":"17","author":"S Alonso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim Heal Res Rev"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"OIE. Detailed country(ies) disease incidence. In: World Animal Health Information Database (WAHIS Interface) [Internet]. 2016 [cited 1 Jan 2016]. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.oie.int\/wahis_2\/public\/wahid.php\/Diseaseinformation\/statusdetail#\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.oie.int\/wahis_2\/public\/wahid.php\/Diseaseinformation\/statusdetail#<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref30","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Characterization of smallholder pig production systems in Uganda: constraints and opportunities for engaging with market systems","volume":"26","author":"E Ouma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Livest Res Rural Dev"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2014.10.012","article-title":"Participatory assessment of animal health and husbandry practices in smallholder pig production systems in three high poverty districts in Uganda","volume":"117","author":"MM Dione","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"MAAIF\/UBOS. The National Livestock Census Report 2008. Entebbe\/Kampala, Uganda; 2009."},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Buholzer P, Price PC, Zwald D, Haupt-Gerber T, Bonilla W, Raeber AJ. PrioCHECK\u00ae Trichinella Ab, a newly highly sensitive and specific ELISA for the detection of antibodies against Trichinella spp. in serum and meat juice of pigs. In: Richey M, editor. 111th meeting of the United States Animal Health Association. Reno, Nevada: Rapid Solutions Group, Kansas City, Missouri; 2008. pp. 116\u2013130. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/?gws_rd=ssl#q=USAHA+trichinella+buholzer\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.google.com\/?gws_rd=ssl#q=USAHA+trichinella+buholzer<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1321-9","article-title":"Validation of a Western Blot for the detection of anti-<italic>Trichinella<\/italic> spp. antibodies in domestic pigs","volume":"104","author":"CF Frey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.04.034","article-title":"Evaluation of a Western Blot and ELISA for the detection of anti-<italic>Trichinella<\/italic>-IgG in pig sera","volume":"163","author":"K N\u00f6ckler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00350-2","article-title":"Detection of <italic>Trichinella<\/italic> infection in food animals","volume":"93","author":"K N\u00f6ckler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.05.036","article-title":"Muscle distribution of sylvatic and domestic <italic>Trichinella<\/italic> larvae in production animals and wildlife","volume":"132","author":"CMO Kapel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00354-X","article-title":"International Commission on Trichinellosis: recommendations on methods for the control of <italic>Trichinella<\/italic> in domestic and wild animals intended for human consumption","volume":"93","author":"HR Gamble","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"305","article-title":"Trichinellosis (infection with <italic>Trichinella<\/italic> spp.). OIE Terrestrial Manual","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-62.11.1308","article-title":"A validated <italic>Trichinella<\/italic> digestion assay and an associated sampling and quality assurance system for use in testing pork and horse meat","volume":"62","author":"LB Forbes","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870902100516","article-title":"Evaluation of a new commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of porcine antibodies against <italic>Trichinella<\/italic> spp","volume":"21","author":"CF Frey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-171","article-title":"Indirect versus direct detection methods of <italic>Trichinella<\/italic> spp. infection in wild boar (Sus scrofa)","volume":"7","author":"M G\u00f3mez-Morales","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00202-7","article-title":"Infectivity, persistence, and antibody response to domestic and sylvatic <italic>Trichinella<\/italic> spp. in experimentally infected pigs","volume":"30","author":"CM Kapel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2307\/3283360","article-title":"Identification of <italic>Trichinella<\/italic> isolates from naturally infected stray dogs in Egypt","volume":"80","author":"EM Mikhail","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"897","article-title":"Study on rodents infestation in Alexandria and prevalence of <italic>Trichinella spiralis<\/italic> infection among them","volume":"29","author":"NF Loutfy","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol"},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"Roesel K, Ouma EA, Dione MM, Pezo D, Clausen P-H, Grace D. Smallholder pig producers in Uganda and their pork consumption practices. The 6th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture Theme: Africa\u2019s Animal Agriculture: Macro-trends and future opportunities. Nairobi, Kenya; 2014. pp. 166\u2013168. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/cgspace.cgiar.org\/handle\/10568\/51344\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/cgspace.cgiar.org\/handle\/10568\/51344<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.2478","article-title":"Trichinellosis in developing countries: is it neglected?","volume":"6","author":"F Bruschi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"ref49","unstructured":"FAOSTAT. Food Balance\/ Food Supply [Internet]. 2011 [cited 1 Jan 2016]. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/faostat3.fao.org\/browse\/FB\/CL\/E\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/faostat3.fao.org\/browse\/FB\/CL\/E<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"355","article-title":"Origins and development of African livestock: Archaeology, genetics, linguistics and ethnography","author":"R Blench","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref51","unstructured":"IOM. Migration in Uganda: A Rapid Country Profile 2013. [Internet]. Kampala, Uganda; 2015. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/uganda.iom.int\/publication\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/uganda.iom.int\/publication\/<\/ext-link>"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0166258","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]],"date-time":"2018-10-22T23:26:18Z","timestamp":1540250778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0166258"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Escobar-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,21]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0166258","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,21]]}}}