{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:36:55Z","timestamp":1787319415453,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,20]],"date-time":"2016-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,20]],"date-time":"2016-12-20T13:45:07Z","timestamp":1482241507000},"page":"e0168688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Intranasal Chromium Induces Acute Brain and Lung Injuries in Rats: Assessment of Different Potential Hazardous Effects of Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Chromium and Introduction of a Novel Pharmacological and Toxicological Animal Model"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Abeer","family":"Salama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2586-2104","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rehab","family":"Hegazy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azza","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Profiling stainless steel welding processes to reduce fume emissions, hexavalent chromium emissions and operating costs in the workplace","author":"M Keane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2015.04.004","article-title":"Airborne exposure to inhalable hexavalent chromium in welders and other occupations: Estimates from the German MEGA database","volume":"218","author":"B Pesch","year":"2015","journal-title":"International journal of hygiene and environmental health"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1191\/096032701682693062","article-title":"Mechanisms of chromium toxicity, carcinogenicity and allergenicity: review of the literature from 1985 to 2000","volume":"20","author":"AD Dayan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Human & experimental toxicology"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2011.03.001","article-title":"Advances in metal-induced oxidative stress and human disease","volume":"283","author":"K Jomova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(94)00159-H","article-title":"Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions","volume":"18","author":"SJ Stohs","year":"1995","journal-title":"Free radical biology & medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0151486","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151486","article-title":"Renoprotective Effect of Lactoferrin against Chromium-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Rats: Involvement of IL-18 and IGF-1 Inhibition","volume":"11","author":"R Hegazy","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref7","first-page":"243","article-title":"The role of cysteinyl leukotrienes in chronic inflammation and neoplasia of the intestine","volume":"171","author":"OJ Broom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ugeskrift for laeger"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref8","first-page":"171","article-title":"Perforation of the nasal septum of occupational origin","volume":"34","author":"S Kowalska","year":"1983","journal-title":"Medycyna pracy"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2013.10.0312","article-title":"Measurement of Soluble and Total Hexavalent Chromium in the Ambient Airborne Particles in New Jersey","volume":"14","author":"L Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aerosol and air quality research"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.2174\/138920012799320464","article-title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms of hexavalent chromium-induced lung cancer: an updated perspective","volume":"13","author":"AM Urbano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Current drug metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-100102418","article-title":"Chromium","volume":"37","author":"DG Barceloux","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of toxicology Clinical toxicology"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4919","DOI":"10.1021\/es070430q","article-title":"Use of micro-XANES to speciate chromium in airborne fine particles in the Sacramento Valley","volume":"41","author":"ML Werner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environmental science & technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3109\/01480549709003894","article-title":"Assessment of health risks due to hazardous air pollutant emissions from electric utilities","volume":"20","author":"C French","year":"1997","journal-title":"Drug and chemical toxicology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref14","first-page":"1167","article-title":"In situ nasal gel drug delivery: A novel approach for brain targeting through the mucosal membrane","volume":"44","author":"P Kaur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-011-0407-6","article-title":"Rheological and mucoadhesive characterization of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) hydrogels designed for nasal mucosal drug delivery","volume":"34","author":"IA Alsarra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Archives of pharmacal research"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2014.923064","article-title":"Brain targeting by intranasal drug delivery (INDD): a combined effect of trans-neural and para-neuronal pathway","volume":"23","author":"G Mustafa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug delivery"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref17","first-page":"3","article-title":"Nasal toxicity, carcinogenicity, and olfactory uptake of metals","volume":"31","author":"FW Sunderman Jr","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annals of clinical and laboratory science"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2007.08.006","article-title":"Vitamin C attenuates potassium dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity and alterations in renal brush border membrane enzymes and phosphate transport in rats","volume":"386","author":"S Fatima","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(91)90817-A","article-title":"Effects of atipamezole, a novel alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, in open-field, plus-maze, two compartment exploratory and forced swimming tests in the rat","volume":"205","author":"T Kauppila","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3470","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-09-03470.1998","article-title":"Locomotor activity in D<sub>2<\/sub> dopamine receptor-deficient mice is determined by gene dosage, genetic background and developmental adaptations","volume":"18","author":"MA Kelly","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-013-9864-8","article-title":"The effects of antihypertensive drugs on chromium status, glucose metabolism, and antioxidant and inflammatory indices in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"157","author":"J Suliburska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biological trace element research"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"432","article-title":"Carleton&apos;s Histology Technique","author":"R Drury","year":"1967"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.37.36","article-title":"Hexavalent chromium responsible for lung lesions induced by intratracheal instillation of chromium fumes in rats","volume":"37","author":"T Toya","year":"1999","journal-title":"Industrial health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox5010004","article-title":"Comparison of the Pulmonary Oxidative Stress Caused by Intratracheal Instillation and Inhalation of NiO Nanoparticles when Equivalent Amounts of NiO Are Retained in the Lung","volume":"5","author":"M Horie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1006\/faat.1997.2306","article-title":"Accumulation of manganese in rat brain following intranasal administration","volume":"37","author":"G Gianutsos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fundamental and applied toxicology: official journal of the Society of Toxicology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3260","article-title":"Brain-targeted distribution and high retention of silver by chronic intranasal instillation of silver nanoparticles and ions in Sprague-Dawley rats","volume":"36","author":"R Wen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of applied toxicology: JAT"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref27","first-page":"2342","article-title":"&quot;Hot spots&quot; of chromium accumulation at bifurcations of chromate workers&apos; bronchi","volume":"54","author":"Y Ishikawa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer research"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"51785","article-title":"Behavioral and locomotor measurements using an open field activity monitoring system for skeletal muscle diseases","volume":"91","author":"KS Tatem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of visualized experiments: JoVE"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0742-8413(86)90035-6","article-title":"Hexavalent chromium effects on motor activity and some metabolic aspects of Wistar albino rats","volume":"83","author":"J Diaz-Mayans","year":"1986","journal-title":"Comparative biochemistry and physiology C, Comparative pharmacology and toxicology"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref30","first-page":"168","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of protective effects of green tea and lycopene in potassium dichromate-induced acute renal failure in rats","volume":"6","author":"A Salama","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Chem Pharm Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref31","first-page":"414","article-title":"Changes in lung injury and oxidative stress of Sprague-Dawley rats after single intratracheal instillation of potassium dichromate","volume":"33","author":"T Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zhonghua lao dong wei sheng zhi ye bing za zhi = Zhonghua laodong weisheng zhiyebing zazhi = Chinese journal of industrial hygiene and occupational diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623307313011","article-title":"Long-term air pollution exposure is associated with neuroinflammation, an altered innate immune response, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, ultrafine particulate deposition, and accumulation of amyloid beta-42 and alpha-synuclein in children and young adults","volume":"36","author":"L Calderon-Garciduenas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicologic pathology"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.05.009","article-title":"Air pollution: mechanisms of neuroinflammation and CNS disease","volume":"32","author":"ML Block","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends in neurosciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2012.02.006","article-title":"The impact of environmental metals in young urbanites&apos; brains","volume":"65","author":"L Calderon-Garciduenas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Experimental and toxicologic pathology: official journal of the Gesellschaft fur Toxikologische Pathologie"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2008.03.001","article-title":"Inhaled ultrafine particulate matter affects CNS inflammatory processes and may act via MAP kinase signaling pathways","volume":"178","author":"MT Kleinman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicology letters"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20040","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20040","article-title":"Xuefu Zhuyu decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine, provides neuroprotection in a rat model of traumatic brain injury via an anti-inflammatory pathway","volume":"6","author":"Z Xing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific reports"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1089\/089771503765355531","article-title":"A novel dehydroepiandrosterone analog improves functional recovery in a rat traumatic brain injury model","volume":"20","author":"AS Malik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of neurotrauma"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-004-1338-1","article-title":"Positive feedback regulation of COX-2 expression by prostaglandin metabolites","volume":"54","author":"V Vichai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inflammation research: official journal of the European Histamine Research Society [et al]"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1023\/B:APPT.0000045801.15585.dd","article-title":"PI3K-Akt pathway: its functions and alterations in human cancer","volume":"9","author":"M Osaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Apoptosis: an international journal on programmed cell death"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.06.009","article-title":"AKT\/PKB signaling: navigating downstream","volume":"129","author":"BD Manning","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.02.008","article-title":"Peripheral inflammation induces tumor necrosis factor dependent AMPA receptor trafficking and Akt phosphorylation in spinal cord in addition to pain behavior","volume":"149","author":"JI Choi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6317","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.9.6317","article-title":"Akt\/Protein kinase B modulates macrophage inflammatory response to Francisella infection and confers a survival advantage in mice","volume":"177","author":"MV Rajaram","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"43","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.160454","article-title":"A direct protein kinase B-targeted anti-inflammatory activity of cordycepin from artificially cultured fruit body of Cordyceps militaris","volume":"11","author":"JY Yoon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacognosy magazine"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21030325","article-title":"Phosphorylation of Akt by SC79 Prevents Iron Accumulation and Ameliorates Early Brain Injury in a Model of Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","volume":"21","author":"S Hao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2011.12.001","article-title":"Exposure to particulate hexavalent chromium exacerbates allergic asthma pathology","volume":"259","author":"BC Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicology and applied pharmacology"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0168688","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]],"date-time":"2019-09-16T15:44:41Z","timestamp":1568648681000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0168688"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Osama Ali","family":"Abulseoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,20]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0168688","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,20]]}}}