{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T17:15:26Z","timestamp":1791134126323,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]],"date-time":"2017-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]],"date-time":"2017-01-11T13:35:39Z","timestamp":1484141739000},"page":"e0169900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Risk Factors for Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogens and Failure of Empiric First-Line Therapy in Acute Cholangitis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Philipp A.","family":"Reuken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorian","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Baier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"L\u00f6ffler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"L\u00fcbbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norman","family":"Lippmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Stallmach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Bruns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s00534-006-1156-7","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria and severity assessment of acute cholangitis: Tokyo Guidelines","volume":"14","author":"K Wada","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1006\/jsre.1994.1151","article-title":"The pathophysiology of biliary obstruction and its effect on phagocytic and immune function","volume":"57","author":"CE Scott-Conner","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01296423","article-title":"Defense system in the biliary tract against bacterial infection","volume":"37","author":"JY Sung","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2009.126","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of acute cholangitis","volume":"6","author":"JG Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Usenko AY, Yareshko VG, Nichitaylo ME, Mikheyev YA, Andreyeshchev SA. [TG13: THE UPDATED TOKYO\u2019S CLINICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TREATMENT OF AN ACUTE CHOLANGITIS AND CHOLECYSTITIS]. Klin Khirurhiia Minist Okhorony Zdorovia Ukra\u00efny Nauk Tovarystvo Khirurhiv Ukra\u00efny. 2015; 5\u201310."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1159\/000430965","article-title":"Acute Bacterial Cholangitis","volume":"31","author":"V Zimmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viszeralmedizin"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13253","article-title":"Delayed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is associated with persistent organ failure in hospitalised patients with acute cholangitis","volume":"42","author":"F Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.01.013","article-title":"Microbiological analysis of bile and its impact in critically ill patients with secondary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"70","author":"T Voigtl\u00e4nder","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"602","article-title":"Microbiological study and antimicrobial susceptibility of bile in biliary therapeutic endoscopy","volume":"93","author":"D Gargouri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tunis M\u00e9dicale"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2013.04.008","article-title":"Spectrum of pathogens in acute cholangitis in patients with and without biliary endoprosthesis","volume":"67","author":"A Weber","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1159\/000368335","article-title":"Calculated Antibiosis of Acute Cholangitis and Cholecystitis","volume":"30","author":"T Bornscheuer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viszeralmedizin"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"800","article-title":"Counts of bacteria and pyocites of choledochal bile in controls and in patients with gallstones or common bile duct stones with or without acute cholangitis","volume":"43","author":"A Csendes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0155479","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155479","article-title":"Epidemiology and Resistance Patterns of Bacterial and Fungal Colonization of Biliary Plastic Stents: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"11","author":"C L\u00fcbbert","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2014.02.005","article-title":"How to interpret the bile culture results of patients with biliary tract infections","volume":"38","author":"JW Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s00534-006-1157-6","article-title":"Antimicrobial therapy for acute cholangitis: Tokyo Guidelines","volume":"14","author":"A Tanaka","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2016.01033","article-title":"Controversy and progress for treatment of acute cholangitis after Tokyo Guidelines (TG13)","volume":"10","author":"Z Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosci Trends"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3233-0","article-title":"Early oral antibiotic switch compared with conventional intravenous antibiotic therapy for acute cholangitis with bacteremia","volume":"59","author":"TY Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4166\/kjg.2014.63.5.299","article-title":"Changes in causative pathogens of acute cholangitis and their antimicrobial susceptibility over a period of 6 years","volume":"63","author":"JS Kwon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J Gastroenterol Taehan Sohwagi Hakhoe Chi"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Annual epidemiological report 2014\u2014Antimicrobial resistance and healthcare-associated infections [Internet]. Available: ecdc.europa.eu"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg312","article-title":"European harmonization of MIC breakpoints for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacteria","volume":"52","author":"G Kahlmeter","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"A-P Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"399","article-title":"Isolated microorganisms in plastic biliary stents placed for benign and malignant diseases","volume":"27","author":"P Basioukas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol Q Publ Hell Soc Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt373","article-title":"Risk factors for increased antimicrobial resistance: a retrospective analysis of 309 acute cholangitis episodes","volume":"69","author":"J Schneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis942","article-title":"Community-associated extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli infection in the United States","volume":"56","author":"Y Doi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e110112","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110112","article-title":"Biliary endoprosthesis: a prospective analysis of bacterial colonization and risk factors for sludge formation","volume":"9","author":"J Schneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03289.x","article-title":"The microbiological impact of pre-operative biliary drainage on patients undergoing hepato-biliary-pancreatic (HPB) surgery","volume":"25","author":"P Jethwa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Cholangitis in the postoperative course after biliodigestive anastomosis","author":"S Cammann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch Surg Dtsch Ges Chir"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1344713","article-title":"Bacteriobilia and fungibilia are associated with outcome in patients with endoscopic treatment of biliary complications after liver transplantation","volume":"45","author":"DN Gotthardt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"1029","article-title":"Updates in bacteriological epidemiology of community-acquired severe acute cholangitis and the effectiveness of metronidazole added routinely to the first-line antimicrobial regimen","volume":"19","author":"JK Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother Off J Jpn Soc Chemother"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-014-0562-8","article-title":"Risk factors and outcome in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis with persistent biliary candidiasis","volume":"14","author":"C Rupp","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2010.02.043","article-title":"Routine bile collection for microbiological analysis during cholangiography and its impact on the management of cholangitis","volume":"72","author":"AA Negm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-015-0399-7","article-title":"Outcomes and risk factors for cancer patients undergoing endoscopic intervention of malignant biliary obstruction","volume":"15","author":"G-M Haag","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-013-0547-3","article-title":"Colonization of liver transplant recipients with KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae is associated with high infection rates and excess mortality: a case-control analysis","volume":"42","author":"C L\u00fcbbert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infection"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172373","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]],"date-time":"2017-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486944000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0169900","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T21:46:25Z","timestamp":1588974385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0169900"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Galdiero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0169900","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]]}}}