{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T14:43:06Z","timestamp":1777905786414,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]],"date-time":"2017-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AID-OFDA-A-15-00026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AID-OFDA-A-15-00026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]],"date-time":"2017-02-23T19:41:56Z","timestamp":1487878916000},"page":"e0172734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Handwashing and Ebola virus disease outbreaks: A randomized comparison of soap, hand sanitizer, and 0.05% chlorine solutions on the inactivation and removal of model organisms Phi6 and E. coli from hands and persistence in rinse water"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6476-0450","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marlene K.","family":"Wolfe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Gallandat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne Marie","family":"Desmarais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Scheinman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Lantagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Ebola Situation Report [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2016 Jan. http:\/\/apps.who.int\/ebola\/current-situation\/ebola-situation-report-20-january-2016<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)92002-5","article-title":"Isolation of Marburg-Like Virus from a Case of Haemorrhagic Fever in Zaire","volume":"309","author":"S Pattyn","year":"1977","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.067199-0","article-title":"The 2014 Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa","volume":"95","author":"D Gatherer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1259657","article-title":"Genomic surveillance elucidates Ebola virus origin and transmission during the 2014 outbreak","volume":"345","author":"SK Gire","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S810","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir299","article-title":"Basic Clinical and Laboratory Features of Filoviral Hemorrhagic Fever","volume":"204","author":"MG Kortepeter","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60667-8","article-title":"Ebola haemorrhagic fever","volume":"377","author":"H Feldmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020712-164041","article-title":"Pathogenesis of the Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers","volume":"8","author":"S Paessler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol Mech Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA. Virus Taxonomy: VIIIth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press; 2005.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-249951-7.50004-3"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Ebola (Ebola Virus Disease) Signs and Symptoms. In: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Internet]. [cited 14 Oct 2015]. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vhf\/ebola\/symptoms\/index.html<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Ebola (Ebola Virus Disease) Treatment. In: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Internet]. [cited 14 Oct 2015]. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vhf\/ebola\/treatment\/index.html<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S87","DOI":"10.1086\/514284","article-title":"Transmission of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever: A Study of Risk Factors in Family Members, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995","volume":"179","author":"SF Dowell","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2014.10.006","article-title":"Nebraska Biocontainment Unit perspective on disposal of Ebola medical waste","volume":"42","author":"JJ Lowe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62384-9","article-title":"Severe Ebola virus disease with vascular leakage and multiorgan failure: treatment of a patient in intensive care","volume":"385","author":"T Wolf","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"others. Infection control for viral haemorrhagic fevers in the African health care setting [Internet]. World Health Organization; 1998. http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/65012<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Sterk E. M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res\u2014Filovirus Haemorrhagic Fever Guideline [Internet]. 2008. http:\/\/jid.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/204\/suppl_3\/S791.full<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Boyce JM, Pittet D. Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings: Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC\/SHEA\/APIC\/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America; 2002 pp. 1\u201345, NaN-E4. Report No.: 1057-5987-5987."},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Emmanueal, Jorge N Babacar, UNDP Medical Waste Experts. Assessment and Recommendations Regarding Management of Ebola-Contaminated Waste [Internet]. United Nations Development Programme; 2015 Feb. https:\/\/noharm-global.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents-files\/3127\/Report%20to%20WHO%20WASH%20and%20Geneva%20on%20Ebola%20final.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"WHO Report: Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) Key questions and answers concerning water, sanitation and hygiene [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2014 pp. 1\u20135. http:\/\/www.who.int\/water_sanitation_health\/WASH_and_Ebola.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care, First Global Patient Safety Challenge, Clean Care is Safer Care [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2009. http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/publications\/2009\/9789241597906_eng.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.04.019","article-title":"Role of hand hygiene in healthcare-associated infection prevention","volume":"73","author":"B Allegranzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01734.x","article-title":"Effectiveness of handwashing in preventing SARS: a review","volume":"11","author":"IC-H Fung","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00606-6","article-title":"Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review","volume":"3","author":"V Curtis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01568.x","article-title":"Handwashing and risk of respiratory infections: a quantitative systematic review","volume":"11","author":"T Rabie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"425","article-title":"Two in-vivo protocols for testing virucidal efficacy of handwashing and hand disinfection","volume":"196","author":"J Steinmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Zentralblatt F\u00fcr Hyg Umweltmed Int J Hyg Environ Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.10.1274","article-title":"Efficacy of selected hand hygiene agents used to remove Bacillus atrophaeus (a surrogate of Bacillus anthracis) from contaminated hands","volume":"289","author":"DJ Weber","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1086\/595845","article-title":"Efficacy of Soap and Water and Alcohol-Based Hand-Rub Preparations against Live H1N1 Influenza Virus on the Hands of Human Volunteers","volume":"48","author":"ML Grayson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1086\/605322","article-title":"Hand hygiene with soap and water is superior to alcohol rub and antiseptic wipes for removal of Clostridium difficile","volume":"30","author":"MT Oughton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01729-09","article-title":"Effectiveness of liquid soap and hand sanitizer against Norwalk virus on contaminated hands","volume":"76","author":"P Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23222","article-title":"Single treatment with ethanol hand rub is ineffective against human rhinovirus\u2014hand washing with soap and water removes the virus efficiently","volume":"84","author":"C Savolainen-Kopra","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2015.02.019","article-title":"Reducing viral contamination from finger pads: handwashing is more effective than alcohol-based hand disinfectants","volume":"90","author":"E Tuladhar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7360.362","article-title":"Efficacy of handrubbing with alcohol based solution versus standard handwashing with antiseptic soap: randomised clinical trial","volume":"325","author":"E Girou","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2004.10.014","article-title":"Microbiological evaluation of two hand hygiene procedures achieved by healthcare workers during routine patient care: a randomized study","volume":"60","author":"G Kac","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2007.11.018","article-title":"In-vivo efficacy of hand sanitisers against feline calicivirus: a surrogate for norovirus","volume":"68","author":"SLS Lages","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"1175","article-title":"Antimicrobial efficacy of soap and water hand washing versus an alcohol-based hand cleanser","volume":"126","author":"RH Holton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tex Dent J"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2013.07.013","article-title":"Health care workers\u2019 hand contamination levels and antibacterial efficacy of different hand hygiene methods used in a Vietnamese hospital","volume":"42","author":"S Salmon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2012.08.005","article-title":"Comparison of virucidal activity of alcohol-based hand sanitizers versus antimicrobial hand soaps in vitro and in vivo","volume":"82","author":"J Steinmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-15-102","article-title":"Ability of Hand Hygiene Interventions Using Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers and Soap To Reduce Microbial Load on Farmworker Hands Soiled during Harvest","volume":"78","author":"AF de Aceituno","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"Commissioner O of the. Press Announcements\u2014FDA issues final rule on safety and effectiveness of antibacterial soaps [Internet]. [cited 8 Dec 2016]. http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/NewsEvents\/Newsroom\/PressAnnouncements\/ucm517478.htm<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1071\/HI10027","article-title":"Hand decontamination: influence of common variables on hand-washing efficiency","volume":"16","author":"T Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Healthc Infect"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-14-245","article-title":"Quantifying the effect of hand wash duration, soap use, ground beef debris, and drying methods on the removal of Enterobacter aerogenes on hands","volume":"78","author":"DA Jensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-2994-4-S1-O13","article-title":"Efficacy of chlorine solutions used for hand hygiene and gloves disinfection in Ebola settings: a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"J Hopman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5403.230","article-title":"Disinfection of hands: removal of transient organisms","volume":"2","author":"EJL Lowbury","year":"1964","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1086\/669521","article-title":"Effectiveness of Hand Hygiene for Removal of Clostridium difficile Spores from Hands","volume":"34","author":"SL Edmonds","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"332","article-title":"150 years of hand disinfection-Semmelweis\u2019 heritage","author":"ML Rotter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hyg Med"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"1176","article-title":"Antimicrobial effects of electrolytic products of sodium chloride\u2014comparative evaluation with sodium hypochlorite solution and efficacy in handwashing","volume":"72","author":"S Hitomi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kansensh\u014dgaku Zasshi J Jpn Assoc Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.3390\/v7041975","article-title":"Evaluating Environmental Persistence and Disinfection of the Ebola Virus Makona Variant","volume":"7","author":"B Cook","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"WHO-recommended handrub formulations [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2009. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK144054\/<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0152442","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152442","article-title":"Accuracy, Precision, Ease-Of-Use, and Cost of Methods to Test Ebola-Relevant Chlorine Solutions","volume":"11","author":"E Wells","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2004.08.005","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of hand hygiene agents in the reduction of bacteria and viruses","volume":"33","author":"EE Sickbert-Bennett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"ref50","unstructured":"Standard Test Method for Determining the Bacteria-Eliminating Effectiveness of Hygienic Handwash and Handrub Agents Using the Fingerpads of Adults. ASTM International; 2010."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.5b00029","article-title":"Inactivation of an Enveloped Surrogate Virus in Human Sewage","volume":"2","author":"LM Casanova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol Lett"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.6b00105","article-title":"Partitioning of Viruses in Wastewater Systems and Potential for Aerosolization","volume":"3","author":"M Titcombe Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol Lett"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5077","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b00876","article-title":"Survivability, Partitioning, and Recovery of Enveloped Viruses in Untreated Municipal Wastewater","volume":"50","author":"Y Ye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12777","article-title":"Evaluation of eluents for the recovery of an enveloped virus from hands by whole-hand sampling","volume":"118","author":"LM Casanova","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"ref55","unstructured":"Gallandat K, Lantagne D. Selection of a Biosafety Level 1 (BSL-1) surrogate to evaluate surface disinfection efficacy in Ebola outbreaks: comparison of four bacteriophages. Submitted."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.6966","article-title":"Bacteriophages","author":"MH Adams","year":"1959"},{"key":"ref57","unstructured":"Rossi P. Advances in biological tracer techniques for hydrology and hydrogeology using bacteriophages [Internet]. Universit\u00e9 de Neuch\u00e2tel. 1994. http:\/\/doc.rero.ch\/record\/2576<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref58","unstructured":"ASTM Standard E2011-13 \u201cStandard Test Method for Evaluation of Hygienic Handwash and Handrub Formulations for Virus-Eliminating Activity Using the Entire Hand\u201d [Internet]. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; 2009. www.astm.org<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7769","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02144-12","article-title":"Residual Viral and Bacterial Contamination of Surfaces after Cleaning and Disinfection","volume":"78","author":"E Tuladhar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/79.12.1857","article-title":"Validation of thiosulfate for neutralization of acidified sodium chlorite in microbiological testing","volume":"79","author":"GK Kemp","year":"2000","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.12.3.355-360.1980","article-title":"Analysis of three variables in sampling solutions used to assay bacteria of hands: type of solution, use of antiseptic neutralizers, and solution temperature","volume":"12","author":"EL Larson","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0911.030339","article-title":"Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Transmission and Risk Factors of Contacts, Uganda1","volume":"9","author":"P Francesconi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref63","unstructured":"Ebola situation report 10 June 2015 [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2015. http:\/\/www.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/174709<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(77)90114-2","article-title":"Mechanism of disinfection: Effect of chlorine on cell membrane functions","volume":"11","author":"C Venkobachar","year":"1977","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2011.11.003","article-title":"Virus disinfection mechanisms: the role of virus composition, structure, and function","volume":"2","author":"KR Wigginton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12069","DOI":"10.1021\/es3029473","article-title":"Virus Inactivation Mechanisms: Impact of Disinfectants on Virus Function and Structural Integrity","volume":"46","author":"KR Wigginton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1006\/biol.1997.0099","article-title":"Mechanism of Inactivation of Enveloped Viruses by the Biosurfactant Surfactin fromBacillus subtilis","volume":"25","author":"D Vollenbroich","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.13.4.686","article-title":"Inactivation of Herpes Simplex Viruses by Nonionic Surfactants","volume":"13","author":"SS Asculai","year":"1978","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.4.921","article-title":"Effect of testing method on apparent activities of antiviral disinfectants and antiseptics","volume":"39","author":"JD Woolwine","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(83)90012-8","article-title":"Antiviral activity of an alcoholic hand disinfectant. Comparison of the in vitro suspension test with in vivo experiments on hands, and on individual fingertips","volume":"3","author":"W Sch\u00fcrmann","year":"1983","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3455","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00663-13","article-title":"Subtle Differences in Virus Composition Affect Disinfection Kinetics and Mechanisms","volume":"79","author":"T Sigstam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70295-6","article-title":"Hand hygiene and patient care: pursuing the Semmelweis legacy","volume":"1","author":"D Pittet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1017\/S0195941700062445","article-title":"Handwashing and Skin: Physiologic and Bacteriologic Aspects","volume":"6","author":"E Larson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Infect Control"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-5740.2002.00043.x","article-title":"Water temperature as a factor in handwashing efficacy","volume":"2","author":"B Michaels","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Serv Technol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.02.019","article-title":"The hygienic efficacy of different hand-drying methods: a review of the evidence","volume":"87","author":"C Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0167378","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167378","article-title":"Seeking Clearer Recommendations for Hand Hygiene in Communities Facing Ebola: A Randomized Trial Investigating the Impact of Six Handwashing Methods on Skin Irritation and Dermatitis","volume":"11","author":"MK Wolfe","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0172734","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,24]],"date-time":"2022-07-24T17:39:02Z","timestamp":1658684342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0172734"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"D William","family":"Cameron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0172734","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]]}}}