{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T09:38:47Z","timestamp":1776764327946,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,18]],"date-time":"2017-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1492473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH","award":["FA 83182402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA 83182402"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)"},{"name":"Consortium for Advanced Research Training in Africa (CARTA)"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["087547\/Z\/08\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["087547\/Z\/08\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000308","name":"Carnegie Corporation of New York","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B 8606.R02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B 8606.R02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000308","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA)","award":["54100029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["54100029"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,18]],"date-time":"2017-04-18T13:28:37Z","timestamp":1492522117000},"page":"e0175399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Availability and affordability of antimalarial and antibiotic medicines in Malawi"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Felix","family":"Khuluza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7809-7453","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lutz","family":"Heide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"United Nations. General Assembly resolution 70\/1. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, A\/RES\/70\/1 (25 September 2015). http:\/\/undocs.org\/A\/RES\/70\/1<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e87576","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087576","article-title":"Essential medicines are more available than other medicines around the globe","volume":"9","author":"YT Bazargani","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"World Health Organization, 67th Assembly. Resolution WHA67.22. Access to essential medicines. May 2014. http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/162868<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"World Development Indicators, The World Bank. 2016. http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/data-catalog\/world-development-indicators<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-14-234","article-title":"Gaps in universal health coverage in Malawi: a qualitative study in rural communities","volume":"14","author":"GA Abiiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Health Action International and WHO. Measuring medicines prices,availability, affordability and price components, 2nd edition. 2008. http:\/\/www.who.int\/medicines\/areas\/access\/OMS_Medicine_prices.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"9659","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61762-6","article-title":"Medicine prices, availability, and affordability in 36 developing and middle-income countries: a secondary analysis","volume":"373","author":"A Cameron","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2012.03446.x","article-title":"Mapping the availability, price, and affordability of antiepileptic drugs in 46 countries","volume":"53","author":"A Cameron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47733","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047733","article-title":"Access to artemisinin-combination therapy (ACT) and other anti-malarials: national policy and markets in Sierra Leone","volume":"7","author":"JH Amuasi","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.10.084327","article-title":"Differences in the availability of medicines for chronic and acute conditions in the public and private sectors of developing countries","volume":"89","author":"A Cameron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-10-25","article-title":"Availability, price and affordability of cardiovascular medicines: a comparison across 36 countries using WHO\/HAI data","volume":"10","author":"MS van Mourik","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.053645","article-title":"What essential medicines for children are on the shelf?","volume":"87","author":"J Robertson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.06.033647","article-title":"The availability and affordability of selected essential medicines for chronic diseases in six low- and middle-income countries","volume":"85","author":"S Mendis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40545-016-0095-1","article-title":"Prices and availability of locally produced and imported medicines in Ethiopia and Tanzania","volume":"10","author":"M Ewen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pharm Policy Pract"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.116798","article-title":"Monitoring service delivery for universal health coverage: the Service Availability and Readiness Assessment","volume":"91","author":"K O'Neill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Tanzania. Tanzania service availability and readiness assessment (2012). Final report July 2013. http:\/\/www.ihi.or.tz\/announ\/availabilityandreadinessassessmentresultsannounced<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Republic of Zambia, Minstry or Health. Zambia Service Availability and Readiness Assessment 2010. Summary Report. 2010. http:\/\/www.who.int\/healthinfo\/systems\/sara_reports\/en\/<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-13-266","article-title":"Comparison of medicine availability measurements at health facilities: evidence from Service Provision Assessment surveys in five sub-Saharan African countries","volume":"13","author":"Y Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-013-0095-9","article-title":"The availability, pricing and affordability of three essential asthma medicines in 52 low- and middle-income countries","volume":"31","author":"ZU Babar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-7-86","article-title":"Deficient supplies of drugs for life threatening diseases in an African community","volume":"7","author":"NN Lufesi","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","first-page":"8","article-title":"Availability and use of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) in pregnancy in Blantyre district: A Safe Motherhood and BIMI Joint Survey","volume":"14","author":"H Ashwood-Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Malawi Med J"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Low prevalence of substandard and falsified antimalarial and antibiotic medicines in public and faith-based health facilities of Southern Malawi","author":"F Khuluza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Malawi. Malawi Standard Treatment Guidelines (MSTG), 4th Edition 2009. Incorporating Malawi Essential Medicines List(MEML) 2009. http:\/\/apps.who.int\/medicinedocs\/en\/d\/Js18801en\/<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Malawi. Malawi Standard Treatment Guidelines (MSTG), 5th Edition 2015. Incorporating Malawi Essential Medicines List (MEML) 2015. http:\/\/www.medcol.mw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/Malawi-Standard-Treatment-Guidelines-Essential-Medicines-List-2015.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"The international drug price indicator guide","author":"J.E. Freye"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Model Formulary 2008. http:\/\/apps.who.int\/medicinedocs\/documents\/s16879e\/s16879e.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodoloy. ATC\/DDD Index 2016. http:\/\/www.whocc.no\/atc_ddd_index\/<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"WageIndicator Foundation. University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Minimum wages in Malawi with effect from 01-01-2014. http:\/\/www.wageindicator.org\/main\/salary\/minimum-wage\/malawi\/archive\/1<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Guidelines for the treatment of malaria","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2015). http:\/\/www.who.int\/medicines\/publications\/essentialmedicines\/EML2015_8-May-15.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-015-0105-0","article-title":"Medicines availability for non-communicable diseases: the case for standardized monitoring","volume":"11","author":"J Robertson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.29.6.736","article-title":"An antimicrobial stewardship program with a focus on reducing fluoroquinolone overuse","volume":"29","author":"A Wong-Beringer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"Gelders S, Ewen M, Noguchi N, Laing R. Price, availability and affordability. An international comparison of chronic disease medicines. World Health Organization and Health Action International. 2006. Document WHO-EM\/EDB\/068\/E\/05.06\/3000. http:\/\/archives.who.int\/medprices\/CHRONICANN.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"United Nations. Millennium Development Goal 8. The Global Partnership for Development: Making Rhetoric a Reality. MDG Gap Task Force Report 2012. New York, 2012. http:\/\/www.un.org\/millenniumgoals\/2012_Gap_Report\/MDG_2012Gap_Task_Force_report.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"WHO, 2016. Guidelines on the conduct of surveys of the quality of medicines. In: WHO Expert Committee on specifications for pharmaceutical preparations (Fiftieth report). WHO Technical Report Series No. 996. Annex 7. WHO, Geneva. http:\/\/apps.who.int\/medicinedocs\/documents\/s22404en\/s22404en.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed Dec. 22, 2016."},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"Wright C, Papworth D, M. W. Malawi: Assessment of the Integrated Logistics Management Information System: Review of the processes and software tools. Arlington, Va.: USAID | DELIVER PROJECT, Task Order 4 and Task Order 7. 2013. http:\/\/apps.who.int\/medicinedocs\/documents\/s21886en\/s21886en.pdf<\/ext-link>."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0175399","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]],"date-time":"2018-10-24T00:18:47Z","timestamp":1540340327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0175399"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Maarten","family":"Postma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,18]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0175399","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,18]]}}}