{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T08:51:47Z","timestamp":1790326307010,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,18]],"date-time":"2017-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1492473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCNE E-26\/102.247\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCNE E-26\/102.247\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (BR)","award":["JCNE E-26\/201.495\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCNE E-26\/201.495\/2014"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["productivity fellowships"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["productivity fellowships"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["productivity fellowships"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["productivity fellowships"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["productivity fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["productivity fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,18]],"date-time":"2017-04-18T17:30:39Z","timestamp":1492536639000},"page":"e0175588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Occurrence of Leishmania infantum in the central nervous system of naturally infected dogs: Parasite load, viability, co-infections and histological alterations"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Val\u00e9ria da Costa","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviane Cardoso","family":"Boechat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur Augusto Velho","family":"Mendes Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria de F\u00e1tima","family":"Madeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Claudio","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiano Borges","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique Paiva","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco das Chagas","family":"de Carvalho Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel de Vasconcellos","family":"Carvalhaes de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Regina Reis","family":"Amendoeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1853-3449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo Caldas","family":"Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Control of the leishmaniases: report of a meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Leishmaniases, Geneva, 22\u201326 March 2010. WHO Technical Report Series, no. 949. Geneva: WHO Press; 2010. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/44412\/1\/WHO_TRS_949_eng.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/44412\/1\/WHO_TRS_949_eng.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 21 August 2016."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade. Casos confirmados de Leishmaniose Visceral, Brasil, Grandes Regi\u00f5es e Unidades Federadas. 1990 a 2015. 2017. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/portalsaude.saude.gov.br\/images\/pdf\/2016\/maio\/20\/LV-Casos.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/portalsaude.saude.gov.br\/images\/pdf\/2016\/maio\/20\/LV-Casos.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 16 January 2017."},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Manual de vigil\u00e2ncia e controle da leishmaniose visceral","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S1415-790X2004000300011","article-title":"Leishmaniose visceral no Brasil: quadro atual, desafios e perspectivas","volume":"7","author":"CM Gontijo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Bras Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"36","article-title":"Aspectos cl\u00ednicos de c\u00e3es com leishmaniose visceral no munic\u00edpio de Ara\u00e7atuba\u2013S\u00e3o Paulo (Brasil)","volume":"5","author":"MM Feitosa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cl\u00ednica Veterin\u00e1ria"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2003000400010","article-title":"Anti-<italic>Leishmania<\/italic> antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid from dogs with visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"36","author":"VMF Lima","year":"2003","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2004.tb00224.x","article-title":"Acute paraplegia associated with vasculitis in a dog with leishmaniasis","volume":"45","author":"A Font","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"61","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) evaluation in dogs naturally infected with visceral leishmaniasis, with and without neurological symptoms","volume":"11","author":"MM Feitosa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Not"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2007.26653","article-title":"Histological and immunohistochemical study of the central nervous system of dogs naturally infected by <italic>Leishmania<\/italic> (<italic>Leishmania<\/italic>) <italic>chagasi<\/italic>","volume":"44","author":"FA Ikeda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Braz J Res Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"442","article-title":"Study of the immunopathogenesis of central nervous system lesions in dogs naturally affected by visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"49","author":"TF Schwardt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638712466728","article-title":"<italic>Leishmania<\/italic> amastigotes in the central nervous system of a naturally infected dog","volume":"25","author":"M M\u00e1rquez","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.244.2.200","article-title":"Intramedullary spinal cord mass presumptively associated with leishmaniasis in a dog","volume":"244","author":"R Jos\u00e9-L\u00f3pez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1645\/15-821","article-title":"Detection of <italic>Ehrlichia canis<\/italic>, <italic>Babesia vogeli<\/italic>, and <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> DNA in the brain of dogs naturally infected with <italic>Leishmania infantum<\/italic>","volume":"102","author":"CB Cardinot","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1996.d01-28.x","article-title":"Presence of antibodies in the aqueous humour and cerebrospinal fluid during <italic>Leishmania<\/italic> infections in dogs. Pathological features at the central nervous system","volume":"18","author":"M Garc\u00eda- Alonso","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.139.14.346","article-title":"Detection of <italic>Leishmania infantum<\/italic> amastigotes in canine choroid plexus","volume":"139","author":"CG Nieto","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00413-7","article-title":"Meningeal leishmaniosis induced by <italic>Leishmania infantum<\/italic> in naturally infected dogs","volume":"101","author":"J Vi\u00f1uelas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"69","article-title":"Choroid plexus involvement in dogs with spontaneous visceral leishmaniasis: a histopathological investigation","volume":"2","author":"GD Melo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Braz J Vet Pathol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.03.002","article-title":"Leukocyte entry into the CNS of <italic>Leishmania chagasi<\/italic> naturally infected dogs","volume":"162","author":"GD Melo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"89","article-title":"Description of visceral, lymphatic and central nervous system lesions in dogs infected with <italic>Leishmania<\/italic> spp","volume":"6","author":"CC Mendon\u00e7a","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz J Vet Pathol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.05.015","article-title":"First detection of <italic>Leishmania infantum<\/italic> DNA within the brain of naturally infected dogs","volume":"204","author":"FG Grano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2008000200006","article-title":"Autochthonous canine visceral leishmaniasis in a non-endemic area: Bom Sucesso, Minas Gerais State, Brazil","volume":"24","author":"MR Silva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.10.004","article-title":"<italic>Leishmania<\/italic> infection and neuroinflammation: specific chemokine profile and absence of parasites in the brain of naturally-infected dogs","volume":"289","author":"GD Melo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"N110401","DOI":"10.4303\/jnp\/N110401","article-title":"Neurological manifestations of <italic>Leishmania<\/italic> spp. infection","volume":"2","author":"CA Petersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuroparasitology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0042-2014","article-title":"Outbreak of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Barra Mansa, State of Rio de Janeiro","volume":"47","author":"CX Mello","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0213-2013","article-title":"High lethality of visceral leishmaniasis in Barra Mansa, a new area of transmission in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"47","author":"MIF Pimentel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Histotechnology: a self-instructional text","author":"FL Carson","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.38-1-43","article-title":"Ocular histopathology of ehrlichial infections in the dog","volume":"38","author":"RJ Panciera","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"4251","article-title":"Clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemistry characterization of toxoplasmosis in dogs with distemper in the semiarid region of Para\u00edba, Brazil","volume":"36","author":"MTS Frade","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin: Ci\u00eanc Agr\u00e1r"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2009.03.008","article-title":"Parasitological diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis: is intact skin a good target?","volume":"87","author":"MF Madeira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.50.296","article-title":"A general classification of New World <italic>Leishmania<\/italic> using numerical zymotaxonomy","volume":"50","author":"E Cupolillo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.01.011","article-title":"Advantages of real-time PCR assay for diagnosis and monitoring of canine leishmaniosis","volume":"137","author":"O Francino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-4987-4","article-title":"Occurrence of <italic>Leishmania infantum<\/italic> and associated histological alterations in the genital tract and mammary glands of naturally infected dogs","volume":"115","author":"VC Boechat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02123-12","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of in situ hybridization for the diagnosis of cutaneous infection by <italic>Leishmania infantum<\/italic> in dogs","volume":"51","author":"RC Menezes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"143","article-title":"Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0s t\u00e9cnicas de imunofluoresc\u00eancia","volume":"10","author":"ME Camargo","year":"1974","journal-title":"Rev Bras Patol Clin"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0668.x","article-title":"Paraparesis caused by vertebral canal leishmaniotic granuloma in a dog","volume":"25","author":"A Cauduro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.55.652","article-title":"Migration of <italic>Leishmania donovani<\/italic> amastigotes in the cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"55","author":"LSN Prasad","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12429","article-title":"Serological diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"HM Peixoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12203","article-title":"Neurological disease in human and canine leishmaniasis\u2013clinical features and immunopathogenesis","volume":"37","author":"CSF Maia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-6-226","article-title":"T and B lymphocytes in the brains of dogs with concomitant seropositivity to three pathogenic protozoans: <italic>Leishmania chagasi<\/italic>, <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic> and <italic>Neospora caninum<\/italic>","volume":"6","author":"KP Sakamoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.661","article-title":"Central nervous system involvement in experimental infection with <italic>Leishmania<\/italic> (<italic>Leishmania<\/italic>) <italic>amazonensis<\/italic>","volume":"68","author":"AL Abreu-Silva","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2003.08.005","article-title":"Down-regulation of MHC class II receptors of DH82 cells, following infection with <italic>Ehrlichia canis<\/italic>","volume":"96","author":"S Harrus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.62.1.229-235.1994","article-title":"Cellular and humoral immune responses in dogs experimentally and naturally infected with <italic>Leishmania infantum<\/italic>","volume":"62","author":"E Pinelli","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect Immun"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188150","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,14]],"date-time":"2017-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510617600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0175588","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]],"date-time":"2020-10-05T19:00:10Z","timestamp":1601924410000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0175588"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Simona","family":"St\u00e4ger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,18]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0175588","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188150","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,18]]}}}