{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T17:33:25Z","timestamp":1790530405704,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,2]],"date-time":"2017-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Development Research Centre (CA)","award":["105509-037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105509-037"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,2]],"date-time":"2017-05-02T17:28:36Z","timestamp":1493746116000},"page":"e0175745","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Identifying sources, pathways and risk drivers in ecosystems of Japanese Encephalitis in an epidemic-prone north Indian district"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Manish","family":"Kakkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Chaturvedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay Kumar","family":"Saxena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tapan N.","family":"Dhole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashok","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth T.","family":"Rogawski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vidya V.","family":"Venkataramanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pranab","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e437","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000437","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis-a pathological and clinical perspective","volume":"3","author":"D Ghosh","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1958.7.481","article-title":"Sequelae of Japanese B and mumps encephalitis: recent follow-up of patients affected in 1947\u20131948 epidemic on Guam","volume":"7","author":"SJ Pieper","year":"1958","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152656","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/152656","article-title":"Clinical profile and outcome of Japanese encephalitis in children admitted with acute encephalitis syndrome","volume":"2013","author":"G Kakoti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"1143","article-title":"Clinical outcome and neurological sequelae in serologically confirmed cases of Japanese encephalitis patients in Assam, India","volume":"39","author":"HC Baruah","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"1319","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis studies in Vellore, South India. II. Antibody response of patients","volume":"56","author":"DE Carey","year":"1968","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"660","article-title":"Epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in context with Indian scenario","volume":"106","author":"GPS Dhillon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Indian Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"National Vector Borne Disease Control Program. National Vector Borne Disease Control Program: Japanese Encephalitis [Internet]. 2015 [cited 24 Jul 2015]. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/nvbdcp.gov.in\/je-new.html\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/nvbdcp.gov.in\/je-new.html<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-008-0069-9","article-title":"Preventive strategies for frequent outbreaks of Japanese encephalitis in Northern India","volume":"33","author":"V Saxena","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biosci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.4103\/2224-3151.207040","article-title":"A review of Japanese encephalitis in Uttar Pradesh, India","volume":"1","author":"R Kumari","year":"2012","journal-title":"WHO South-East Asia J Public Heal"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis: A persistent threat","author":"A Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences India Section B\u2014Biological Sciences"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"237","article-title":"A community-based study of subclinical flavivirus infections in children in an area of Tamil Nadu, India, where Japanese encephalitis is endemic","volume":"73","author":"A Gajanana","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India [Internet]. [cited 22 Jul 2015]. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/censusindia.gov.in\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/censusindia.gov.in\/<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"6","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis-Dengue IgM combo ELISA test","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.01.021","article-title":"Evaluation of reverse-transcriptase PCR as a diagnostic tool to confirm Japanese encephalitis virus infection","volume":"103","author":"V Saxena","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"140","article-title":"Monitoring Japanese encephalitis virus activity using domestic sentinel pigs in Mandya district, Karnataka state (India)","volume":"93","author":"G Geevarghese","year":"1991","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Manual on Practical Entomology in Malaria Part 1\u2014Vector Bionomics and Organization of Anti-Malaria Activities","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"43","article-title":"Mosquito Vectors of Japanese Encephalitis Virus from Northern India","author":"BP Das","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"207","article-title":"Limited Understanding of Perceptions, Practices and Health seeking Behaviour constrain JE\/AES Interventions in High Endemic District of North India: a qualitative enquiry. Connections for Health, Ecosystems and Society","author":"S Chaturvedi","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"104","article-title":"A long-term study on vector abundance &amp; seasonal prevalence in relation to the occurrence of Japanese encephalitis in Gorakhpur district, Uttar Pradesh","volume":"117","author":"PC Kanojia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp058263","article-title":"Control of Japanese encephalitis\u2014within our grasp?","volume":"355","author":"T Solomon","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"168","article-title":"Emerging Vector-Borne Zoonoses: Eco-Epidemiology and Public Health Implications in India","volume":"2","author":"RC Dhiman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Public Heal"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.03.002","article-title":"How environmental conditions impact mosquito ecology and Japanese encephalitis: an eco-epidemiological approach","volume":"79","author":"H-Y Tian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0135767","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135767","article-title":"Japanese Encephalitis in Assam, India: Need to Increase Healthcare Workers\u2019 Understanding to Improve Health Care","volume":"10","author":"A Ahmad","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-9957-4-11","article-title":"Cultural drivers and health-seeking behaviours that impact on the transmission of pig-associated zoonoses in Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic","volume":"4","author":"S Burniston","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Dis poverty"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003913","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003913","article-title":"Endemicity of Zoonotic Diseases in Pigs and Humans in Lowland and Upland Lao PDR: Identification of Socio-cultural Risk Factors","volume":"10","author":"HR Holt","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.63.58","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus among pigs in Bali and East Java, Indonesia, 2008","volume":"63","author":"A Yamanaka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3126\/ijasbt.v2i3.10639","article-title":"Pig Sero-Survey and Farm Level Risk Factor Assessment for Japanese Encephalitis in Nepal","volume":"2","author":"S Ghimire","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112009","article-title":"Study of Japanese Encephalitis virus in Chiangmai Valley, Thailand. V. Animal infections","volume":"100","author":"DO Johnsen","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"255","article-title":"Sero-epidemiological Studies on the Japanese Encephalitis","volume":"32","author":"T Sugiyama","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Japanese Assoc Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"Directorate of National Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme. Guidelines for surveillance of acute encephalitis syndrome (with special reference to Japanese Encephalitis) [Internet]. New Delhi; 2006. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/nvbdcp.gov.in\/Doc\/AESguidelines.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/nvbdcp.gov.in\/Doc\/AESguidelines.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.10-0212","article-title":"Evaluation of three commercially available Japanese encephalitis virus IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays","volume":"83","author":"JS Robinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540802227102","article-title":"Usefulness of RT-PCR for the diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis in clinical samples","volume":"40","author":"R Swami","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1991.tb05687.x","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis virus latency in peripheral blood lymphocytes and recurrence of infection in children","volume":"85","author":"S Sharma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005294","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005294","article-title":"European Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens are Competent Vectors for Japanese Encephalitis Virus","volume":"11","author":"M de Wispelaere","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.17.28.20221-en","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis virus RNA detected in Culex pipiens mosquitoes in Italy","volume":"17","author":"P Ravanini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0116547","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116547","article-title":"Detection of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotype V in Culex orientalis and Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in Korea","volume":"10","author":"H Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.5.994","article-title":"First report on high-degree endophilism in Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) in an area endemic for Japanese encephalitis","volume":"41","author":"PC Kanojia","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0270","article-title":"The effect of insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITMNs) on Japanese encephalitis virus seroconversion in pigs and humans","volume":"84","author":"P Dutta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-2-32","article-title":"Zooprophylaxis or zoopotentiation: the outcome of introducing animals on vector transmission is highly dependent on the mosquito mortality while searching","volume":"2","author":"A Saul","year":"2003","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90303-1","article-title":"Heterogeneity in the host preference of Japanese encephalitis vectors in Chiang Mai, northern Thailand","volume":"94","author":"C Mwandawiro","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Past, present, and future of Japanese encephalitis","author":"TE Erlanger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3166","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003166","article-title":"Dynamics of Japanese encephalitis virus transmission among pigs in Northwest Bangladesh and the potential impact of pig vaccination","volume":"8","author":"SU Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"398","article-title":"Dispersal of adult female Culex annulirostris in Griffith, New South Wales, Australia: a further study","volume":"8","author":"JH Bryan","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2007.07.004","article-title":"Weather variables and Japanese encephalitis in the metropolitan area of Jinan city, China","volume":"55","author":"P Bi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"Domestic pigs and Japanese encephalitis virus infection, Australia","author":"AF van-den-Hurk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref46","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Zoonosis Division National Institute of Communicable Disease. Guidelines for prevention and control of Japanese Encephalitis. [Internet]. New Delhi; 2006. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/nicd.nic.in\/writereaddata\/linkimages\/je3038660088.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/nicd.nic.in\/writereaddata\/linkimages\/je3038660088.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2014.08.018","article-title":"Quantifying the impact of decay in bed-net efficacy on malaria transmission","volume":"363","author":"CN Ngonghala","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"Stewart T, Marchand RP. Factors that affect the success and failure of InsecticideTreated Net Programs for malaria control in SE Asia and the Western Pacific [Internet]. 2001. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/atoz\/itn_r62.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/atoz\/itn_r62.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e66168","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066168","article-title":"Comparative spatial dynamics of Japanese encephalitis and acute encephalitis syndrome in Nepal","volume":"8","author":"C Robertson","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22192","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022192","article-title":"The spatial heterogeneity between Japanese encephalitis incidence distribution and environmental variables in Nepal","volume":"6","author":"DE Impoinvil","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2001.00279.x","article-title":"Impact of irrigation on malaria in Africa: paddies paradox","volume":"15","author":"JN Ijumba","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.04.012","article-title":"Effect of irrigated rice agriculture on Japanese encephalitis, including challenges and opportunities for integrated vector management","volume":"95","author":"J Keiser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref53","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Operational Guide Japanese Encephalitis Vaccination in India [Internet]. New Delhi; 2010. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.iapcoi.com\/hp\/Dec25th\/Guidelines-Japanese-Encephalitis,MoHFW,September2010%5B2%5D.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.iapcoi.com\/hp\/Dec25th\/Guidelines-Japanese-Encephalitis,MoHFW,September2010%5B2%5D.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref54","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India), ORG Centre for Social Research, United Nations Children\u2019s Fund. India Coverage Evaluation Survey 2009\u20132010 [Internet]. 2010 [cited 10 Aug 2015]. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/nrhm-mis.nic.in\/SitePages\/Pub_CoverageEvaluation.aspx#\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/nrhm-mis.nic.in\/SitePages\/Pub_CoverageEvaluation.aspx#<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"694","article-title":"Prognostic factors of early sequelae and fatal outcome of Japanese encephalitis","volume":"26","author":"D Luo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.78.918.205","article-title":"Japanese viral encephalitis","volume":"78","author":"S V Tiroumourougane","year":"2002","journal-title":"Postgr Med J"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-016-0785-4","article-title":"Public Health Laboratory Surveillance and Diagnosis of Japanese Encephalitis: Time to Revisit","volume":"53","author":"M Kakkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1890\/04-0645","article-title":"Alternatives to statistical hypothesis testing in ecology: a guide to self-teaching","volume":"16","author":"N Thompson Hobbs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol Appl"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0175745","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T04:06:37Z","timestamp":1658981197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0175745"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Naomi","family":"Forrester","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,2]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0175745","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,2]]}}}