{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:04:17Z","timestamp":1790827457884,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]],"date-time":"2017-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Teva Pharmaceuticals Europe B.V."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]],"date-time":"2017-06-15T20:48:28Z","timestamp":1497559708000},"page":"e0178112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Risk of pneumonia in obstructive lung disease: A real-life study comparing extra-fine and fine-particle inhaled corticosteroids"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Samatha","family":"Sonnappa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elliot","family":"Israel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirkje","family":"Postma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"van Aalderen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Burden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar S.","family":"Usmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9728-9992","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David B.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the Respiratory Effectiveness Group, Small Airways Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) (2016) Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease (GOLD) (2016) Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, management and prevention of COPD."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)92996-3","article-title":"Added salmeterol versus higher-dose corticosteroid in asthma patients with symptoms on existing inhaled corticosteroid. Allen &amp; Hanburys Limited UK Study Group","volume":"344","author":"AP Greening","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199711133372001","article-title":"Effect of inhaled formoterol and budesonide on exacerbations of asthma. Formoterol and Corticosteroids Establishing Therapy (FACET) International Study Group","volume":"337","author":"RA Pauwels","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200408-1041OC","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptor nuclear translocation in airway cells after inhaled combination therapy","volume":"172","author":"OS Usmani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.07.038","article-title":"Inhaled long-acting beta2 agonists enhance glucocorticoid receptor nuclear translocation and efficacy in sputum macrophages in COPD","volume":"132","author":"R Haque","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S62750","article-title":"Management of COPD in the UK primary-care setting: an analysis of real-life prescribing patterns","volume":"9","author":"D Price","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-14-56","article-title":"Real-life use of fluticasone propionate\/salmeterol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a French observational study","volume":"14","author":"N Roche","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-0871","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of pneumonia in people with asthma: a case-control study","volume":"144","author":"T McKeever","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2005.11.020","article-title":"Systemic side effects of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with asthma","volume":"100","author":"R Dahl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-202872","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroids in COPD and the risk of serious pneumonia","volume":"68","author":"S Suissa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1177\/1753465816630208","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroids and the increased risk of pneumonia: what&apos;s new? A 2015 updated review","volume":"10","author":"H Iannella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther Adv Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00193908","article-title":"Pneumonia risk in COPD patients receiving inhaled corticosteroids alone or in combination: TORCH study results","volume":"34","author":"C Crim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200602-244OC","article-title":"Impact of salmeterol\/fluticasone propionate versus salmeterol on exacerbations in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"175","author":"P Kardos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa063070","article-title":"Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"356","author":"PM Calverley","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-014-0202-z","article-title":"Meta-review: adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroids relevant to older patients","volume":"74","author":"K Mattishent","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra050541","article-title":"Antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids\u2014new mechanisms for old drugs","volume":"353","author":"T Rhen","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200707-973OC","article-title":"The prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations by salmeterol\/fluticasone propionate or tiotropium bromide","volume":"177","author":"JA Wedzicha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200611-1630OC","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroid use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the risk of hospitalization for pneumonia","volume":"176","author":"P Ernst","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f3306","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f3306","article-title":"Pneumonia and pneumonia related mortality in patients with COPD treated with fixed combinations of inhaled corticosteroid and long acting beta2 agonist: observational matched cohort study (PATHOS)","volume":"346","author":"C Janson","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.717","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroids in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"300","author":"MB Drummond","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"CD003794","article-title":"Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta-agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","author":"L Nannini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S63100","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with inhaled medium- or high-dose corticosteroids: a prospective and randomized study focusing on clinical efficacy and the risk of pneumonia","volume":"8","author":"SL Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61250-2","article-title":"Budesonide and the risk of pneumonia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data","volume":"374","author":"DD Sin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.5644\/ama2006-124.141","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroids and incident pneumonia in patients with asthma: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"V Bansal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Med Acad"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1136\/dtb.2008.05.0013","article-title":"Switching to CFC-free beclometasone for asthma","volume":"46","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Ther Bull"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2000.111582","article-title":"Efficacy and safety overview of a new inhaled corticosteroid, QVAR (hydrofluoroalkane-beclomethasone extrafine inhalation aerosol), in asthma","volume":"106","author":"JA Vanden Burgt","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1089\/jam.2005.18.379","article-title":"Influence of particle size and patient dosing technique on lung deposition of HFA-beclomethasone from a metered dose inhaler","volume":"18","author":"CL Leach","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Aerosol Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200410-1414OC","article-title":"Regional lung deposition and bronchodilator response as a function of beta2-agonist particle size","volume":"172","author":"OS Usmani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2010.06.001","article-title":"New asthma drugs: small molecule inhaled corticosteroids","volume":"10","author":"DA Gentile","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"Suppl A","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0954-6111(98)90214-1","article-title":"Hydrofluoroalkane-134a beclomethasone dipropionate extrafine aerosol provides equivalent asthma control to chlorofluorocarbon beclomethasone dipropionate at approximately half the total daily dose","volume":"92","author":"RJ Davies","year":"1998","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.115.2.343","article-title":"Hydrofluoroalkane-134a beclomethasone dipropionate, 400 microg, is as effective as chlorofluorocarbon beclomethasone dipropionate, 800 microg, for the treatment of moderate asthma","volume":"115","author":"G Gross","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2007.05.006","article-title":"Randomized comparison of the efficacy and safety of ciclesonide and budesonide in adolescents with severe asthma","volume":"101","author":"JH Vermeulen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2007.00538.x","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy and safety of ciclesonide 160 microg once daily vs. budesonide 400 microg once daily in children with asthma","volume":"18","author":"A von Berg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62905-5","article-title":"Long-term safety and efficacy of a chlorofluorocarbon-free beclomethasone dipropionate extrafine aerosol","volume":"86","author":"P Fireman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.6.1824","article-title":"Clinically important improvements in asthma-specific quality of life, but no difference in conventional clinical indexes in patients changed from conventional beclomethasone dipropionate to approximately half the dose of extrafine beclomethasone dipropionate","volume":"121","author":"EF Juniper","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1155\/2004\/823084","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of HFA-134a beclomethasone dipropionate extra-fine aerosol over six months","volume":"11","author":"LP Boulet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can Respir J"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2010.09.008","article-title":"Beclomethasone\/formoterol in the management of COPD: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"104","author":"PM Calverley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"503","article-title":"Effects of beclomethasone\/formoterol fixed combination on lung hyperinflation and dyspnea in COPD patients","volume":"6","author":"P Tzani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"1163","article-title":"Comparing the effectiveness of small-particle versus large-particle inhaled corticosteroid in COPD","volume":"9","author":"DS Postma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"CD010115","article-title":"Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","author":"KM Kew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201005-0694OC","article-title":"Risks of pneumonia in patients with asthma taking inhaled corticosteroids","volume":"183","author":"PM O'Byrne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61382-8","article-title":"COPD exacerbations: defining their cause and prevention","volume":"370","author":"JA Wedzicha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402217","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-Augmented Efferocytosis Inhibits Pulmonary Pneumococcal Clearance in Mice by Reducing Alveolar Macrophage Bactericidal Function","volume":"195","author":"VR Stolberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2012.02280.x","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroids increase the risk of oropharyngeal colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with asthma","volume":"18","author":"L Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2012.03.008","article-title":"How far is real life from COPD therapy guidelines? An Italian observational study","volume":"106","author":"A Corrado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2011.583230","article-title":"Variation in adherence with Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) drug therapy guidelines: a retrospective actuarial claims data analysis","volume":"27","author":"K Fitch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"General practitioner&apos;s adherence to the COPD GOLD guidelines: baseline data of the Swiss COPD Cohort Study","author":"A Jochmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00126814","article-title":"INSTEAD: a randomised switch trial of indacaterol versus salmeterol\/fluticasone in moderate COPD","volume":"44","author":"A Rossi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1407154","article-title":"Withdrawal of inhaled glucocorticoids and exacerbations of COPD","volume":"371","author":"H Magnussen","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00128914","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroids in COPD: the clinical evidence","volume":"45","author":"P Ernst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"CD007033","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroids versus long-acting beta(2)-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","author":"S Spencer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7246.1368","article-title":"Meta-analysis of increased dose of inhaled steroid or addition of salmeterol in symptomatic asthma (MIASMA)","volume":"320","author":"S Shrewsbury","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.153.5.8630590","article-title":"Comparison of addition of salmeterol to inhaled steroids with doubling of the dose of inhaled steroids","volume":"153","author":"A Woolcock","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(02)85002-0","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the dose-response relationship of inhaled corticosteroids in adolescents and adults with mild to moderate persistent asthma","volume":"24","author":"J Bousquet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2006.04.015","article-title":"The dose-response characteristics of inhaled corticosteroids when used to treat asthma: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews","volume":"100","author":"NP Adams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2202\/1557-4679.1127","article-title":"Why match? Investigating matched case-control study designs with causal effect estimation","volume":"5","author":"S Rose","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Biostat"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0178112","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T18:43:24Z","timestamp":1659120204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0178112"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Stelios","family":"Loukides","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0178112","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]]}}}