{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:56:17Z","timestamp":1790805377392,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,7]],"date-time":"2017-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,7]],"date-time":"2017-06-07T13:30:59Z","timestamp":1496842259000},"page":"e0178562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Trajectories of dementia-related cognitive decline in a large mental health records derived patient cohort"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8008-7035","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Baker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9477-9745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehtesham","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7574-7075","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Caroline","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Broadbent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitesh","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4435-6397","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3071-2338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1843-9842","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephen","family":"Newhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1801-1635","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mizanur","family":"Khondoker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J. B.","family":"Dobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1159\/000102017","article-title":"Fast cognitive decline at the time of dementia diagnosis: a major prognostic factor for survival in the community","volume":"23","author":"L Carcaillon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Trajectories of decline in cognition and daily functioning in preclinical dementia","author":"VJA Verlinden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimer's & Dementia"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610209991001","article-title":"Trajectories of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"22","author":"PA Wilkosz","year":"2010","journal-title":"International psychogeriatrics \/ IPA"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt210","article-title":"Progression of mild Alzheimer's disease: knowledge and prediction models required for future treatment strategies","volume":"5","author":"C Wattmo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alzheimer's research & therapy"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270011405497","article-title":"An improved model for disease progression in patients from the Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative","volume":"52","author":"MN Samtani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of clinical pharmacology"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031642","article-title":"APOE epsilon4, Alzheimer's disease pathology, cerebrovascular disease, and cognitive change over the years prior to death","volume":"28","author":"L Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychology and aging"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.31","article-title":"Cognitive decline in prodromal Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"68","author":"RS Wilson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Archives of neurology"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2011.0134","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease: rapid and slow progression","volume":"9","author":"CJ Thalhauser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Society, Interface \/ the Royal Society"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30125-9","article-title":"Clinical and cognitive trajectories in cognitively healthy elderly individuals with suspected non-Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology (SNAP) or Alzheimer's disease pathology: a longitudinal study","volume":"15","author":"SC Burnham","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00086","article-title":"Trajectories of Boys' Physical Aggression, Opposition, and Hyperactivity on the Path to Physically Violent and Nonviolent Juvenile Delinquency","volume":"70","author":"D Nagin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.12.015","article-title":"Trajectories of memory decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease: results from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle Flagship Study of Ageing","volume":"36","author":"RH Pietrzak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiology of aging"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glt139","article-title":"Long-term Cumulative Depressive Symptom Burden and Risk of Cognitive Decline and Dementia Among Very Old Women","volume":"69","author":"A Zeki Al Hazzouri","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181e446c8","article-title":"Trajectory of cognitive decline as a predictor of psychosis in early Alzheimer disease in the cardiovascular health study","volume":"19","author":"JE Emanuel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-9-51","article-title":"The South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust Biomedical Research Centre (SLAM BRC) case register: development and descriptive data","volume":"9","author":"R Stewart","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC psychiatry"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e109484","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109484","article-title":"Factors Associated with Response to Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition in Dementia: A Cohort Study from a Secondary Mental Health Care Case Register in London","volume":"9","author":"G Perera","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-008721","article-title":"Cohort profile of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust Biomedical Research Centre (SLaM BRC) Case Register: current status and recent enhancement of an Electronic Mental Health Record-derived data resource","volume":"6","author":"G Perera","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01992.x","article-title":"The mini-mental state examination: a comprehensive review","volume":"40","author":"TN Tombaugh","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.095414","article-title":"A review of screening tests for cognitive impairment","volume":"78","author":"B Cullen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu035","article-title":"Compensatory mechanisms in higher-educated subjects with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a study of 20 years of cognitive decline","volume":"137","author":"H Amieva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.174.5.424","article-title":"Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for elderly people (HoNOS 65+)","volume":"174","author":"A Burns","year":"1999","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000345791","article-title":"A Review: Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Discovered in Repurposed Agents","volume":"35","author":"BS Appleby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"35","article-title":"FlexMix Version 2: Finite Mixtures with Concomitant Variables and Varying and Constant Parameters","volume":"28","author":"B Gr\u00fcn","year":"2008","journal-title":"FlexMix Version 2: Finite Mixtures with Concomitant Variables and Varying and Constant Parameters"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701575396","article-title":"Deciding on the Number of Classes in Latent Class Analysis and Growth Mixture Modeling: A Monte Carlo Simulation Study","volume":"14","author":"KL Nylund","year":"2007","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.12.1.103","article-title":"An Empirical Pooling Approach for Estimating Marketing Mix Elasticities with PIMS Data","volume":"12","author":"V Ramaswamy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Marketing Science"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bonferroni adjustments in tests for regression coefficients","volume":"32","author":"DJ M","year":"2006","journal-title":"Multiple Linear Regression Viewpoints"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1198\/016214504000001907","article-title":"False Discovery Rate: Adjusted Multiple Confidence Intervals for Selected Parameters [with Comments, Rejoinder]","volume":"100","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1198\/016214504000001907","article-title":"False Discovery Rate\u2014Adjusted Multiple Confidence Intervals for Selected Parameters","volume":"100","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"26","article-title":"Building Predictive Models in R Using the caret Package","volume":"28","author":"M Kuhn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Building Predictive Models in R Using the caret Package"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.62.7.1160","article-title":"MIld cognitive impairment as a clinical entity and treatment target","volume":"62","author":"RC Petersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archives of neurology"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-014-0490-8","article-title":"Mild Cognitive Impairment: Diagnosis, Longitudinal Course, and Emerging Treatments","volume":"16","author":"JN Vega","year":"2014","journal-title":"Current psychiatry reports"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e31826ce4c5","article-title":"Cognitive Outcomes after Sertaline Treatment in Patients with Depression of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"20","author":"CA Munro","year":"2012","journal-title":"The American journal of geriatric psychiatry: official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2015.01.007","article-title":"Antidepressant Use and Cognitive Decline: The Health and Retirement Study","volume":"128","author":"JS Saczynski","year":"2015","journal-title":"The American journal of medicine"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.7.737","article-title":"Treating depression in alzheimer disease: Efficacy and safety of sertraline therapy, and the benefits of depression reduction: the diads","volume":"60","author":"CG Lyketsos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Archives of general psychiatry"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.998","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of sertraline in the treatment of the behavioral manifestations of Alzheimer's disease in outpatients treated with donepezil","volume":"19","author":"SI Finkel","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2013.03.014","article-title":"Longitudinal relationships between Alzheimer disease progression and psychosis, depressed mood, and agitation\/aggression","volume":"23","author":"LB Zahodne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610208007734","article-title":"The Relationship of Excess Cognitive Impairment in MCI and Early Alzheimer Disease to the Subsequent Emergence of Psychosis","volume":"21","author":"EA Weamer","year":"2009","journal-title":"International psychogeriatrics \/ IPA"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02096","article-title":"Temporal Evolution of Cognitive Changes in Incident Hypertension: Prospective Cohort Study Across the Adult Age Span","volume":"63","author":"S K\u00f6hler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.04.009","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus Type II and cognitive capacity in healthy aging, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"240","author":"C Degen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280212465500","article-title":"Analysing cognitive test data: Distributions and non-parametric random effects","volume":"25","author":"G Muniz-Terrera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Statistical Methods in Medical Research"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4221","article-title":"Latent classes of course in Alzheimer's disease and predictors: the Cache County Dementia Progression Study","volume":"30","author":"J-MS Leoutsakos","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1080\/02664763.2016.1141181","article-title":"A MULTIVARIATE FINITE MIXTURE LATENT TRAJECTORY MODEL WITH APPLICATION TO DEMENTIA STUDIES","volume":"43","author":"D Lai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of applied statistics"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610209990822","article-title":"The Mini-mental State Examination revisited: ceiling and floor effects after score adjustment for educational level in an aging Mexican population","volume":"22","author":"F Franco-Marina","year":"2010","journal-title":"International psychogeriatrics \/ IPA"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0178562","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T18:55:40Z","timestamp":1588964140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0178562"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jerson","family":"Laks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,7]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0178562","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,7]]}}}