{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:00:12Z","timestamp":1792000812970,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,29]],"date-time":"2017-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH\/NIAID 5P30AI060354-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH\/NIAID 5P30AI060354-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Harvard Global Health Institute"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007301","name":"Harvard University Center for AIDS Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH\/NIAID 5P30AI060354-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH\/NIAID 5P30AI060354-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007301","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,29]],"date-time":"2017-06-29T13:46:10Z","timestamp":1498743970000},"page":"e0179994","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Pre-clinical carotid atherosclerosis and sCD163 among virally suppressed HIV patients in Botswana compared with uninfected controls"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6051-0999","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mosepele","family":"Mosepele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda C.","family":"Hemphill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Moloi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sikhulile","family":"Moyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Nkele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Makhema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia A.","family":"Triant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahin","family":"Lockman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"21","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht528","article-title":"HIV infection and cardiovascular disease","volume":"35","author":"LG Hemkens","year":"2014","journal-title":"European heart journal"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2190","article-title":"Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease","volume":"92","author":"VA Triant","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.3728","article-title":"HIV infection and the risk of acute myocardial infarction","volume":"173","author":"MS Freiberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA internal medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2011.10.007","article-title":"Imaging atherosclerosis in HIV: carotid intima-media thickness and beyond","volume":"159","author":"CT Longenecker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Translational research: the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2013.08.019","article-title":"Arterial disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: what has imaging taught us?","volume":"7","author":"JH Stein","year":"2014","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovascular imaging"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-274","article-title":"Risk factors for subclinical atherosclerosis in HIV-infected patients under and over 40 years: a case-control study","volume":"13","author":"VM Albuquerque","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC infectious diseases"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ586","article-title":"Carotid Intima Media Thickness in Mainly Female HIV-Infected Subjects in Rural South Africa: Association With Cardiovascular but Not HIV-Related Factors. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the","volume":"61","author":"AF Schoffelen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases Society of America"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ325","article-title":"HIV Infection Is Associated With Progression of Subclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the","volume":"61","author":"DB Hanna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases Society of America"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.307985","article-title":"HIV, Cocaine Use, and Hepatitis C Virus: A Triad of Nontraditional Risk Factors for Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"36","author":"GM Lucas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e221","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(16)00037-0","article-title":"Botswana's progress toward achieving the 2020 UNAIDS 90-90-90 antiretroviral therapy and virological suppression goals: a population-based survey","volume":"3","author":"T Gaolathe","year":"2016","journal-title":"The lancet HIV"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-0378","article-title":"HIV and atherosclerosis: moving from associations to mechanisms and interventions","volume":"160","author":"JS Currier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annals of internal medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v7.i10.633","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients: A true or perceived risk?","volume":"7","author":"S Shahbaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"World journal of cardiology"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"35","article-title":"Influence of immune activation and inflammatory response on cardiovascular risk associated with the human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"11","author":"LM Beltran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vascular health and risk management"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569819","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/569819","article-title":"Monocytes as regulators of inflammation and HIV-related comorbidities during cART","volume":"2014","author":"JJ Anzinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of immunology research"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.6698","article-title":"Arterial inflammation in patients with HIV","volume":"308","author":"S Subramanian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/00365513.2011.626868","article-title":"Soluble CD163","volume":"72","author":"HJ Moller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir214","article-title":"Soluble CD163 made by monocyte\/macrophages is a novel marker of HIV activity in early and chronic infection prior to and after anti-retroviral therapy","volume":"204","author":"TH Burdo","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e90541","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090541","article-title":"Reduced sTWEAK and increased sCD163 levels in HIV-infected patients: modulation by antiretroviral treatment, HIV replication and HCV co-infection","volume":"9","author":"LM Beltran","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12270","article-title":"The effect of initiation of antiretroviral therapy on monocyte, endothelial and platelet function in HIV-1 infection","volume":"16","author":"JA O'Halloran","year":"2015","journal-title":"HIV medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit508","article-title":"Noncalcified coronary atherosclerotic plaque and immune activation in HIV-infected women","volume":"208","author":"KV Fitch","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir520","article-title":"Soluble CD163, a novel marker of activated macrophages, is elevated and associated with noncalcified coronary plaque in HIV-infected patients","volume":"204","author":"TH Burdo","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw263","article-title":"Plasma Soluble CD163 Level Independently Predicts All-Cause Mortality in HIV-1-Infected Individuals","volume":"214","author":"TB Knudsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0147484","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147484","article-title":"Pro-Inflammatory Markers in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease in HIV Infection. A Systematic Review","volume":"11","author":"AG Vos","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-230","article-title":"Soluble CD163 does not predict first-time myocardial infarction in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a nested case-control study","volume":"13","author":"A Knudsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC infectious diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2007.11.011","article-title":"Use of carotid ultrasound to identify subclinical vascular disease and evaluate cardiovascular disease risk: a consensus statement from the American Society of Echocardiography Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Task Force. Endorsed by the Society for Vascular Medicine","volume":"21","author":"JH Stein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography: official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography"},{"issue":"22","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2009.177774","article-title":"HIV positivity, protease inhibitor exposure and subclinical atherosclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"95","author":"E Hulten","year":"2009","journal-title":"Heart (British Cardiac Society)"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832d3b85","article-title":"Preclinical atherosclerosis due to HIV infection: carotid intima-medial thickness measurements from the FRAM study","volume":"23","author":"C Grunfeld","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS (London, England)"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0117125","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117125","article-title":"Current Efavirenz (EFV) or ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV\/r) use correlates with elevate markers of atherosclerosis in HIV-infected subjects in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"RL Gleason Jr.","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2013.84","article-title":"Associations between surface markers on blood monocytes and carotid atherosclerosis in HIV-positive individuals","volume":"92","author":"CL Westhorpe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunology and cell biology"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32811ebf79","article-title":"Progression of carotid artery intima-media thickening in HIV-infected and uninfected adults","volume":"21","author":"JS Currier","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS (London, England)"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.044","article-title":"Carotid plaque, compared with carotid intima-media thickness, more accurately predicts coronary artery disease events: a meta-analysis","volume":"220","author":"Y Inaba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.2015.45.1.28","article-title":"Analysis of Carotid Ultrasound Findings on Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease during Seven-Year Follow-Up","volume":"45","author":"HB Yuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean circulation journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.114.002262","article-title":"Comparison of coronary artery calcium presence, carotid plaque presence, and carotid intima-media thickness for cardiovascular disease prediction in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"8","author":"AD Gepner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation Cardiovascular imaging"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000180","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.113.000180","article-title":"Ultrasound in cardiovascular risk prediction: don't forget the plaque!","volume":"2","author":"V Nambi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of the American Heart Association"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-348","article-title":"Carotid intima media thickness is associated with body fat abnormalities in HIV-infected patients","volume":"14","author":"P Freitas","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC infectious diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e89537","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089537","article-title":"Subclinical atherosclerosis among HIV-infected adults attending HIV\/AIDS care at two large ambulatory HIV clinics in Uganda","volume":"9","author":"I Ssinabulya","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"Persistent Immune Activation and Carotid Atherosclerosis in HIV-Infected Ugandans Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy","author":"MJ Siedner","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283634819","article-title":"Infection duration and inflammatory imbalance are associated with atherosclerotic risk in HIV-infected never-smokers independent of antiretroviral therapy","volume":"27","author":"M Desvarieux","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS (London, England)"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-016-0893-z","article-title":"Statins and Aspirin use in HIV-infected people: gap between European AIDS Clinical Society guidelines and clinical practice: the results from HIV-HY study","volume":"44","author":"GV De Socio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofu076","article-title":"Aspirin Use for Primary and Secondary Prevention in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Patients","volume":"1","author":"S Suchindran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open forum infectious diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.026","article-title":"Individual contributions of visceral fat and total body fat to subclinical atherosclerosis: The NEO study","volume":"241","author":"KB Gast","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2012.0015","article-title":"Two-year treatment with rosuvastatin reduces carotid intima-media thickness in HIV type 1-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy with asymptomatic atherosclerosis and moderate cardiovascular risk","volume":"29","author":"L Calza","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS research and human retroviruses"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001167","article-title":"Rosuvastatin slows progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with treated HIV infection","volume":"30","author":"CT Longenecker","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS (London, England)"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-015-0247-7","article-title":"Association of hemoglobin A1c and glycated albumin with carotid atherosclerosis in community-dwelling Japanese subjects: the Hisayama Study","volume":"14","author":"N Mukai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovascular diabetology"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4137\/CMED.S19202","article-title":"Monitoring HIV-infected Patients with Diabetes: Hemoglobin A1c, Fructosamine, or Glucose?","volume":"7","author":"SY Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical medicine insights Endocrinology and diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001396","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.112.001396","article-title":"Carotid Artery Imaging: Insights Into Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Patients With HIV Infection","volume":"1","author":"JH Stein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the American Heart Association"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0179994","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,20]],"date-time":"2018-10-20T09:59:50Z","timestamp":1540029590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0179994"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Giuseppe Vittorio","family":"De Socio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,29]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0179994","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,29]]}}}