{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T22:46:32Z","timestamp":1788389192750,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,3]],"date-time":"2017-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1034523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1034523"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,3]],"date-time":"2017-08-03T17:42:31Z","timestamp":1501782151000},"page":"e0181519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["A clinical scoring system to prioritise investigation for tuberculosis among adults attending HIV clinics in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yasmeen","family":"Hanifa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine L.","family":"Fielding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Violet N.","family":"Chihota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lungiswa","family":"Adonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salome","family":"Charalambous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Karstaedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerrigan","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark P.","family":"Nicol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nontobeko T.","family":"Ndlovu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edina","family":"Sinanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faieza","family":"Sahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Vassall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin J.","family":"Churchyard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2437-5195","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alison D.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO policy on collaborative TB\/HIV activities: guidelines for national programmes and other stakeholders 2012 [1st May 2013]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/2012\/tb_hiv_policy_9789241503006\/en\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/2012\/tb_hiv_policy_9789241503006\/en\/<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000391","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000391","article-title":"Development of a standardized screening rule for tuberculosis in people living with HIV in resource-constrained settings: individual participant data meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"8","author":"H Getahun","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"South African National HIV Prevalence, Incidence and Behaviour Survey","author":"O Shisana","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2014 [17th April 2015]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/global_report\/en\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/global_report\/en\/<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Department of Health\u2014Republic of South Africa. National Tuberculosis Management Guidelines 2014 [2nd April 2015]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.doh.gov.za\/docs\/hivAids\/NationalTBManagementGuidelines.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.doh.gov.za\/docs\/hivAids\/NationalTBManagementGuidelines.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W1","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-0698","article-title":"Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis (TRIPOD): explanation and elaboration","volume":"162","author":"KG Moons","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annals of internal medicine"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g7594","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7594","article-title":"Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD): the TRIPOD statement","volume":"350","author":"GS Collins","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofu095","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofu095","article-title":"A Clinical Scoring Algorithm for Determination of the Risk of Tuberculosis in HIV-Infected Adults: A Cohort Study Performed at Ethiopian Health Centers","volume":"1","author":"TT Balcha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open forum infectious diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.13.0517","article-title":"Can tuberculosis case finding among health-care seeking adults be improved? Observations from Bissau","volume":"18","author":"F Rudolf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b605","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b605","article-title":"Prognosis and prognostic research: validating a prognostic model","volume":"338","author":"DG Altman","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref11","first-page":"1231","article-title":"Prevalent infectious tuberculosis in Harare, Zimbabwe: burden, risk factors and implications for control","volume":"13","author":"EL Corbett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Definitions and reporting framework for tuberculosis\u2013 2013 revision (updated December 2014) 2013 [20th April 2015]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/79199\/1\/9789241505345_eng.pdf?ua=1\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/79199\/1\/9789241505345_eng.pdf?ua=1<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b604","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b604","article-title":"Prognosis and prognostic research: Developing a prognostic model","volume":"338","author":"P Royston","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-77244-8","article-title":"Clinical Prediction Models: A Practical Approach to Development, Validatin, and updating.","author":"EW Steyerberg","year":"2009"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833a2a4a","article-title":"Body mass index and risk of tuberculosis and death","volume":"24","author":"CF Hanrahan","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10527","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010527","article-title":"Incident tuberculosis during antiretroviral therapy contributes to suboptimal immune reconstitution in a large urban HIV clinic in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"5","author":"SM Hermans","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64488","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064488","article-title":"Determinant factors associated with occurrence of tuberculosis among adult people living with HIV after antiretroviral treatment initiation in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a case control study","volume":"8","author":"KT Kibret","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318251ae0b","article-title":"Undiagnosed tuberculosis among HIV clinic attendees: association with antiretroviral therapy and implications for intensified case finding, isoniazid preventive therapy, and infection control","volume":"60","author":"T Kufa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001067","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001067","article-title":"Screening for HIV-Associated Tuberculosis and Rifampicin Resistance before Antiretroviral Therapy Using the Xpert MTB\/RIF Assay: A Prospective Study","volume":"8","author":"SD Lawn","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000705","article-title":"Tuberculosis incidence rate and risk factors among HIV-infected adults with access to antiretroviral therapy","volume":"29","author":"E Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318218a713","article-title":"Frontieres AWGoMS. Incidence of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients before and after starting combined antiretroviral therapy in 8 sub-Saharan African HIV programs","volume":"57","author":"S Nicholas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.11.0772","article-title":"Predictors of tuberculosis in first 6 months after initiation of antiretroviral therapy: a case-control study","volume":"16","author":"RN Peck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181f9fb39","article-title":"Tuberculosis in patients receiving antiretroviral treatment: incidence, risk factors, and prevention strategies","volume":"56","author":"A Van Rie","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofu120","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofu120","article-title":"Risk factors for developing active tuberculosis after the treatment of latent tuberculosis in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"2","author":"K Amoakwa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open forum infectious diseases"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.12.0607","article-title":"Incidence of and risk factors for active tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in South Korea","volume":"17","author":"NS Ku","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200012010-00016","article-title":"HIV infection and silicosis: the impact of two potent risk factors on the incidence of mycobacterial disease in South African miners","volume":"14","author":"EL Corbett","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76272","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076272","article-title":"Tuberculosis in healthcare workers and infection control measures at primary healthcare facilities","volume":"8","author":"MM Claassens","year":"2013","journal-title":"South Africa. PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000381","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000381","article-title":"Tuberculosis incidence in prisons: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"I Baussano","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis775","article-title":"Effect of antiretroviral therapy on the diagnostic accuracy of symptom screening for intensified tuberculosis case finding in a South African HIV clinic","volume":"55","author":"MX Rangaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118548387","article-title":"Applied Logistic Regression","author":"DW Hosmer","year":"2013"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.13.0032","article-title":"Impact of human immunodeficiency virus and CD4 count on tuberculosis diagnosis: analysis of city-wide data from Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"17","author":"RK Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e85478","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085478","article-title":"Intensified tuberculosis case-finding in HIV-positive adults managed at Ethiopian health centers: diagnostic yield of Xpert MTB\/RIF compared with smear microscopy and liquid culture","volume":"9","author":"TT Balcha","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907488","article-title":"An algorithm for tuberculosis screening and diagnosis in people with HIV","volume":"362","author":"KP Cain","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir1039","article-title":"Characteristics and early outcomes of patients with Xpert MTB\/RIF-negative pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosed during screening before antiretroviral therapy","volume":"54","author":"SD Lawn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000278","article-title":"Performance of symptom-based tuberculosis screening among people living with HIV: not as great as hoped","volume":"28","author":"F Ahmad Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"Ndlovu N, Chihota V, Hanifa Y, Fielding K, Grant A, Maesela C, et al., editors. Routine testing with Xpert MTB\/RIF for people testing HIV positive at antenatal clinics and HIV counselling and testing. Abstract (A2638640) 4th SA TB Conference; 2014 Durban, South Africa."},{"issue":"9","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2011-301247","article-title":"Risk prediction models: II. External validation, model updating, and impact assessment","volume":"98","author":"KG Moons","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b606","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b606","article-title":"Prognosis and prognostic research: application and impact of prognostic models in clinical practice","volume":"338","author":"KG Moons","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3860","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-014-0702-1","article-title":"Resolution of anaemia in a cohort of HIV-infected patients with a high prevalence and incidence of tuberculosis receiving antiretroviral therapy in South Africa","volume":"14","author":"AD Kerkhoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV 2015 [28th April 2016]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/pub\/guidelines\/earlyrelease-arv\/en\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/pub\/guidelines\/earlyrelease-arv\/en\/<\/ext-link>."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0181519","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T04:48:28Z","timestamp":1602650908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0181519"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Graciela","family":"Andrei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,3]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0181519","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,3]]}}}