{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T20:06:00Z","timestamp":1784664360450,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,27]],"date-time":"2017-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,27]],"date-time":"2017-07-27T17:43:53Z","timestamp":1501177433000},"page":"e0181683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["HCV replication in gastrointestinal mucosa: Potential extra-hepatic viral reservoir and possible role in HCV infection recurrence after liver transplantation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1920-0892","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Russelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Pizzillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gioacchin","family":"Iannolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Floriana","family":"Barbera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2058-2135","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fabio","family":"Tuzzolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Liotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Traina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Vizzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Gridelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"Badami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pier Giulio","family":"Conaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"19","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5017","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdf529","article-title":"The human scavenger receptor class B type I is a novel candidate receptor for the hepatitis C virus","volume":"21","author":"E Scarselli","year":"2002","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"issue":"5390","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5390.938","article-title":"Binding of hepatitis C virus to CD81","volume":"282","author":"P Pileri","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7137","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05654","article-title":"Claudin-1 is a hepatitis C virus co-receptor required for a late step in entry","volume":"446","author":"MJ Evans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7231","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07684","article-title":"Human occludin is a hepatitis C virus entry factor required for infection of mouse cells","volume":"457","author":"A Ploss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"22","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12766","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.22.12766","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus and other flaviviridae viruses enter cells via low density lipoprotein receptor","volume":"96","author":"V Agnello","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v1.i1.67","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus and peripheral blood mononuclear cell reservoirs Patricia Bare","volume":"1","author":"P Bare","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80882-0","article-title":"Continuous release of hepatitis C virus (HCV) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells and B-lymphoblastoid cell-line cultures derived from HCV-infected patients","volume":"86","author":"P Bare","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1095","article-title":"Study of the infection of human blood derived monocyte\/macrophages with hepatitis C virus in vitro","volume":"65","author":"C Caussin-Schwemling","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1086\/375350","article-title":"Evidence of viral replication in circulating dendritic cells during hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"187","author":"N Goutagny","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.23435","article-title":"Detection of hepatitis C virus in the bile and bile duct epithelial cells of hepatitis C virus-infected patients","volume":"33","author":"Y Haruna","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2007.29","article-title":"Presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in HCV serum negative patients during interferon and ribavirin therapy","volume":"60","author":"D Januszkiewicz-Lewandowska","year":"2007","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1645","article-title":"Replication of hepatitis C virus","volume":"5","author":"D Moradpour","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2005.02987.x","article-title":"Virological analysis and phenotypic characterization of peripheral blood lymphocytes of hepatitis C virus-infected patients with and without mixed cryoglobulinaemia","volume":"143","author":"D Sansonno","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v6.i6.805","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus may infect extrahepatic tissues in patients with hepatitis C","volume":"6","author":"FM Yan","year":"2000","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/2049936115585942","article-title":"Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"3","author":"P Cacoub","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther Adv Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2009.01256.x","article-title":"Spontaneous clearance and the beneficial impact of treatment on clearance during recent hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"17","author":"J Grebely","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.107","article-title":"Epidemiology and natural history of HCV infection","volume":"10","author":"B Hajarizadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2013.10.032","article-title":"Activation and evasion of antiviral innate immunity by hepatitis C virus","volume":"426","author":"SM Horner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4121","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI67714","article-title":"Emerging concepts in immunity to hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"123","author":"HR Rosen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21890","article-title":"Evolution of hepatitis C virus in liver allografts","volume":"15","author":"AJ Demetris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.10.021","article-title":"Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the hepatitis C virus","volume":"21","author":"P Jackowiak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2012.09.009","article-title":"Natural history of acute and chronic hepatitis C","volume":"26","author":"B Maasoumy","journal-title":"Best practice & research"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.05.013","article-title":"The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide","volume":"45","author":"JF Perz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673240","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/673240","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus adaptation to T-cell immune pressure","volume":"2013","author":"A Plauzolles","year":"2013","journal-title":"TheScientificWorldJournal"},{"issue":"51","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20509","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1105797108","article-title":"Contribution of a mutational bias in hepatitis C virus replication to the genetic barrier in the development of drug resistance","volume":"108","author":"MH Powdrill","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2009.02666.x","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus compartmentalization and infection recurrence after liver transplantation","volume":"9","author":"S Ramirez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"ref27","first-page":"S33","article-title":"Antiviral resistance and the future landscape of hepatitis C virus infection therapy","volume":"207","author":"DL Wyles","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Electronic address eee. EASL Recommendations on Treatment of Hepatitis C 2016","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.08.035","article-title":"Extrahepatic morbidity and mortality of chronic hepatitis C","volume":"149","author":"F Negro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27934","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus drug resistance-associated substitutions: State of the art summary","volume":"62","author":"E Lontok","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.04.008","article-title":"Unexpected high rate of early tumor recurrence in patients with HCV-related HCC undergoing interferon-free therapy","volume":"65","author":"M Reig","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"Treatment of Recurrent HCV Infection following Liver Transplantation. Hepatitis C Online. 2016;Module 6: Treatment of Special Populations and Special Situations(Lesson 5):21."},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Detection of Occult Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Patients Who Achieved a Sustained Virologic Response to Direct-acting Antiviral Agents for Recurrent Infection After Liver Transplantation","author":"S Elmasry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.23551","article-title":"Projected future increase in aging hepatitis C virus-infected liver transplant candidates: a potential effect of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"18","author":"SW Biggins","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2011.01548.x","article-title":"Immunosuppression, liver injury and post-transplant HCV recurrence","volume":"19","author":"S Ciesek","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i13.3391","article-title":"Challenges of recurrent hepatitis C in the liver transplant patient","volume":"20","author":"R Dhanasekaran","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2005.10.014","article-title":"Cell-based models of sustained, interferon-sensitive hepatitis C virus genotype 1 replication","volume":"132","author":"Y Hiasa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of virological methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e3282f43a73","article-title":"Enteroendocrine cells: a site of &apos;taste&apos; in gastrointestinal chemosensing","volume":"15","author":"C Sternini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2613.2011.00767.x","article-title":"Classification and functions of enteroendocrine cells of the lower gastrointestinal tract","volume":"92","author":"AR Gunawardene","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Exp Pathol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1268","article-title":"Production of infectious hepatitis C virus in tissue culture from a cloned viral genome","volume":"11","author":"T Wakita","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.395","article-title":"Cell culture and infection system for hepatitis C virus","volume":"1","author":"T Kato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"22","key":"ref42","first-page":"5875","article-title":"Chemosensitivity testing of human colorectal carcinoma cell lines using a tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay","volume":"47","author":"JG Park","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cancer research"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03580-14","article-title":"Mechanisms of methods for hepatitis C virus inactivation","volume":"81","author":"S Pfaender","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.11.039","article-title":"Interferon-induced gene expression is a stronger predictor of treatment response than IL28B genotype in patients with hepatitis C","volume":"140","author":"MT Dill","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26770","article-title":"Simultaneous detection of hepatitis C virus and interferon stimulated gene expression in infected human liver","volume":"59","author":"S Wieland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref46","first-page":"294","article-title":"The detection of antigenic protein of HCV in gastric mucosa","volume":"45","author":"DY Cheung","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Korean journal of gastroenterology = Taehan Sohwagi Hakhoe chi"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510310127","article-title":"Gastric mucosa as an additional extrahepatic localization of hepatitis C virus: viral detection in gastric low-grade lymphoma associated with autoimmune disease and in chronic gastritis","volume":"31","author":"S De Vita","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"Pt 9","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80071-0","article-title":"Expression of hepatitis C virus proteins in epithelial intestinal cells in vivo","volume":"85","author":"S Deforges","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50322","article-title":"Localization of hepatitis C virus in gastrointestinal mucosa: a possible reservoir for relapse","volume":"38","author":"L Miglioresi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05848.x","article-title":"Detection of HCV RNA in gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue by in situ hybridization: evidence of a new extrahepatic localization of HCV with increased risk of gastric malt lymphoma","volume":"97","author":"A Tursi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2010.02866.x","article-title":"Comparison of the Mantel test and alternative approaches for detecting complex multivariate relationships in the spatial analysis of genetic data","volume":"10","author":"P Legendre","journal-title":"Molecular ecology resources"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X08093943","article-title":"Enteroendocrine cells: neglected players in gastrointestinal disorders?","volume":"1","author":"GW Moran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Therap Adv Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"Pt 10","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82033-0","article-title":"Preferential association of Hepatitis C virus with apolipoprotein B48-containing lipoproteins","volume":"87","author":"O Diaz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4233","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004233","article-title":"Secretion of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins depends on assembly of apolipoprotein B positive lipoproteins","volume":"4","author":"V Icard","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3018","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.175018","article-title":"Biochemical and morphological properties of hepatitis C virus particles and determination of their lipidome","volume":"286","author":"A Merz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.222133","article-title":"Insulin resistance and low-density apolipoprotein B-associated lipoviral particles in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection","volume":"60","author":"SH Bridge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02053-07","article-title":"Cellular determinants of hepatitis C virus assembly, maturation, degradation, and secretion","volume":"82","author":"P Gastaminza","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25628","article-title":"High plasma level of nucleocapsid-free envelope glycoprotein-positive lipoproteins in hepatitis C patients","volume":"56","author":"C Scholtes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6919","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.14.6919-6928.2002","article-title":"Characterization of low- and very-low-density hepatitis C virus RNA-containing particles","volume":"76","author":"P Andre","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"22","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11074","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01150-06","article-title":"Differential biophysical properties of infectious intracellular and secreted hepatitis C virus particles","volume":"80","author":"P Gastaminza","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(96)00041-0","article-title":"Chylomicron assembly and catabolism: role of apolipoproteins and receptors","volume":"1300","author":"MM Hussain","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01894-07","article-title":"Effect of cell polarization on hepatitis C virus entry","volume":"82","author":"CJ Mee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67982","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067982","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E mediates attachment of clinical hepatitis C virus to hepatocytes by binding to cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan receptors","volume":"8","author":"J Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01815-13","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E codetermines tissue tropism of hepatitis C virus and is crucial for viral cell-to-cell transmission by contributing to a postenvelopment step of assembly","volume":"88","author":"K Hueging","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"23","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9505","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1307527110","article-title":"Ultrastructural analysis of hepatitis C virus particles","volume":"110","author":"MT Catanese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"36","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4824","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i36.4824","article-title":"Neutralizing antibodies in hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"13","author":"MB Zeisel","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2005.01060.x","article-title":"HCV infection of the transplanted liver: changing CD81 and HVR1 variants immediately after liver transplantation","volume":"5","author":"MG Hughes Jr.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20060","article-title":"E2 quasispecies specificity of hepatitis C virus association with allografts immediately after liver transplantation","volume":"10","author":"MG Hughes Jr.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.32.523","article-title":"Appropriate interferon-alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis C: an assessment by quantitative changes in serum hepatitis C virus-RNA","volume":"32","author":"S Watanabe","year":"1993","journal-title":"Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan)"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(01)00281-6","article-title":"Development of a strand-specific RT-PCR based assay to detect the replicative form of hepatitis C virus RNA","volume":"94","author":"JK Craggs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of virological methods"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4795","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr089","article-title":"Mechanisms of single-stranded phosphorothioate modified antisense oligonucleotide accumulation in hepatocytes","volume":"39","author":"E Koller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0198-8859(00)00144-0","article-title":"A monoclonal antibody to the DEC-205 endocytosis receptor on human dendritic cells","volume":"61","author":"M Guo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-011-0883-2","article-title":"Claudin-1 induced sealing of blood-brain barrier tight junctions ameliorates chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"122","author":"F Pfeiffer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"6 Pt 1","key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.127.6.1617","article-title":"Direct association of occludin with ZO-1 and its possible involvement in the localization of occludin at tight junctions","volume":"127","author":"M Furuse","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000979","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000979","article-title":"The transcription factor REST is lost in aggressive breast cancer","volume":"6","author":"MP Wagoner","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005116","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005116","article-title":"Supporting Role for GTPase Rab27a in Hepatitis C Virus RNA Replication through a Novel miR-122-Mediated Effect","volume":"11","author":"TC Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref77","unstructured":"Bassendine M, Bevitt D, Burt B. Detection of hepatitis C virus antigens in the recently transplanted liver of a chronically infected immunodeficient patient but not in biopsies of a native liver. The 11th International Congress of Virology, Sidney Australia. 1999:p. 227."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.2003.00474.x","article-title":"Detection and quantitation of HCV core protein in single hepatocytes by means of laser capture microdissection and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"11","author":"D Sansonno","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2013.007","article-title":"Interaction of hepatitis C virus core protein with janus kinase is required for efficient production of infectious viruses","volume":"21","author":"C Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomol Ther (Seoul)"},{"issue":"5734","key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1114016","article-title":"Complete replication of hepatitis C virus in cell culture","volume":"309","author":"BD Lindenbach","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000182","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000182","article-title":"High-resolution functional profiling of hepatitis C virus genome","volume":"4","author":"V Arumugaswami","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-5379(88)90131-9","article-title":"Radiation sensitivity and study of glutathione and related enzymes in human colorectal cancer cell lines","volume":"24","author":"J Carmichael","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr121","article-title":"MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods","volume":"28","author":"K Tamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecular biology and evolution"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01731581","article-title":"A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences","volume":"16","author":"M Kimura","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of molecular evolution"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref85","first-page":"418","article-title":"Simple methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions","volume":"3","author":"M Nei","year":"1986","journal-title":"Molecular biology and evolution"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20087","article-title":"Frequent compartmentalization of hepatitis C virus variants in circulating B cells and monocytes","volume":"39","author":"D Ducoulombier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9213","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.11.9213-9221.1999","article-title":"Nonrandom distribution of hepatitis C virus quasispecies in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets","volume":"73","author":"AM Roque Afonso","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.22269","article-title":"Analysis of a non-structural gene reveals evidence of possible hepatitis C virus (HCV) compartmentalization","volume":"84","author":"JT Blackard","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1086\/592986","article-title":"Frequent compartmentalization of hepatitis C virus with leukocyte-related amino acids in the setting of liver transplantation","volume":"198","author":"F Schramm","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9145","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.14.9145-9156.2005","article-title":"Compartmentalization of hepatitis C virus quasispecies in blood mononuclear cells of patients with mixed cryoglobulinemic syndrome","volume":"79","author":"G Zehender","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0181683","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T20:49:29Z","timestamp":1719348569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0181683"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Birke","family":"Bartosch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,27]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0181683","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,27]]}}}