{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:45:19Z","timestamp":1790261119492,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]],"date-time":"2017-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]],"date-time":"2017-08-15T13:27:22Z","timestamp":1502803642000},"page":"e0182834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Long-term exposure to air pollution and the incidence of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A nested case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Chiu-Ying","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Jung","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuang-Hsi","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung Y.","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Hsin","family":"Muo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chon-Haw","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5227-4597","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Trong-Neng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpcardio1399","article-title":"Adverse cardiovascular effects of air pollution","volume":"6","author":"NL Mills","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-200711","article-title":"Long-term exposure to air pollution and asthma hospitalizations in older adults: A cohort study","volume":"67","author":"ZJ Andersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1155","article-title":"Diabetes incidence and long-term exposure to air pollution: a cohort study","volume":"35","author":"ZJ Andersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-10-67","article-title":"Air pollution from traffic and cancer incidence: A Danish cohort study","volume":"10","author":"O Raaschou-Nielsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002353","article-title":"Lung cancer incidence and long-term exposure to air pollution from traffic","volume":"119","author":"O Raaschou-Nielsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1414123","article-title":"Association of improved air quality with lung development in children","volume":"372","author":"WJ Gauderman","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.01.009","article-title":"Relationship between exposure to fine particulates and ozone and reduced lung function in children","volume":"137","author":"BF Hwang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.629246","article-title":"Stroke and long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution from nitrogen dioxide: a cohort study","volume":"43","author":"ZJ Andersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230490520232","article-title":"Brain inflammation and Alzheimer\u2019s-like pathology in individuals exposed to severe air pollution","volume":"32","author":"L Calder\u00f3n-Garcidue\u00f1as","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472751","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/472751","article-title":"Air pollution, oxidative stress, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"2012","author":"PV Moulton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Environ Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e103078","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103078","article-title":"Increased risk of dementia in patients exposed to nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide: A population-based retrospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"KH Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2014.11.015","article-title":"Association between air pollutants and dementia risk in the elderly","volume":"1","author":"YC Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (Amst)"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2007.03.002","article-title":"A study of the relationships between Parkinson\u2019s disease and markers of traffic-derived and environmental manganese air pollution in two Canadian cities","volume":"104","author":"MM Finkelstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq303","article-title":"Metal emissions and urban incident Parkinson disease: A community health study of Medicare beneficiaries by using geographic information systems","volume":"172","author":"AW Willis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307218","article-title":"A prospective analysis of airborne metal exposures and risk of Parkinson disease in the nurses\u2019 health study cohort","volume":"122","author":"N Palacios","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-13-80","article-title":"Particulate matter and risk of Parkinson disease in a large prospective study of women","volume":"13","author":"N Palacios","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409313","article-title":"Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Parkinson\u2019s Disease in Denmark:A Case\u2013Control Study","volume":"124","author":"B Ritz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000252807.38124.a3","article-title":"How common are the \u201ccommon\u201d neurologic disorders?","volume":"68","author":"D Hirtz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.05.009","article-title":"Air pollution: mechanisms of neuroinflammation &amp; CNS disease","volume":"32","author":"ML Block","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.135","article-title":"When does Parkinson disease start?","volume":"67","author":"R Savica","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2017.06.010","article-title":"Premotor symptoms and the risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A case-control study in Mexican population","volume":"160","author":"M Rodr\u00edguez-Violante","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"140","article-title":"Neurological disorders: public health challenges","year":"2006"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230252929954","article-title":"Air pollution and brain damage","volume":"30","author":"L Calder\u00f3n-Garcidue\u00f1as","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230390226645","article-title":"DNA damage in nasal and brain tissues of canines exposed to air pollutants is associated with evidence of chronic brain inflammation and neurodegeneration","volume":"31","author":"L Calder\u00f3n-Garcidue\u00f1as","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2009.02.117","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction, olfactory bulb pathology and urban air pollution","volume":"62","author":"L Calder\u00f3n-Garcidue\u00f1as","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Toxico Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623307313011","article-title":"Long-term air pollution exposure is associated with neuroinflammation, an altered innate immune response, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, ultrafine particulate deposition, and accumulation of amyloid beta-42 and alpha-synuclein in children and young adults","volume":"36","author":"L Calder\u00f3n-Garcidue\u00f1as","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.19.4.3176","article-title":"Induction of the Lung Myofibroblast PDGF Receptor System by Urban Ambient Particles from Mexico City","volume":"19","author":"JC Bonner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2012.01.007","article-title":"ATP13A2 (PARK9) polymorphisms influence the neurotoxic effects of manganese","volume":"33","author":"G Rentschler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2011.12.001","article-title":"Neurological impacts from inhalation of pollutants and the nose-brain connection","volume":"33","author":"RG Lucchini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg068","article-title":"Incidence of Parkinson\u2019s disease: variation by age, gender, and race\/ethnicity","volume":"157","author":"SK Van Den Eeden","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.104695","article-title":"Heterogeneity in male to female risk for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"78","author":"KS Taylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-011-9574-5","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease risk from ambient exposure to pesticides","volume":"26","author":"A Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2013-101444","article-title":"Head Injuries and Parkinson&apos;s disease in a case-control study","volume":"70","author":"MA Harris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1922","article-title":"Diabetes and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"34","author":"Q Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.120","article-title":"Serum vitamin D and the risk of Parkinson disease","volume":"67","author":"P Knekt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.5274","article-title":"A 5-Year Follow-up Study on the Relationship between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Parkinson Disease","volume":"11","author":"JJ Sheu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm127","article-title":"Plasma urate and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"166","author":"MG Weisskopf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181d5a4a3","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of Parkinson disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"JJ Gagne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr362","article-title":"Use of calcium channel blockers and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"175","author":"B Pasternak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr451","article-title":"Caffeine intake, smoking, and risk of Parkinson disease in men and women","volume":"175","author":"R Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23687","article-title":"Meta-analysis of early nonmotor features and risk factors for Parkinson disease","volume":"72","author":"AJ Noyce","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e104","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13m08790","article-title":"Risk of Parkinson&apos;s disease following zolpidem use: a retrospective, population-based cohort study","volume":"76","author":"HC Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5921","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005921","article-title":"Increased risk of Parkinson disease with diabetes mellitus in a population-based study","volume":"96","author":"YW Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000451","article-title":"Associations of ozone and PM2.5 concentrations with Parkinson\u2019s disease among participants in the agricultural health study","volume":"57","author":"EF Kirrane","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP135","article-title":"Ambient air pollution exposures and risk of Parkinson disease","volume":"124","author":"R Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0203-1","article-title":"Clearing the air: a review of the effects of particulate matter air pollution on human health","volume":"8","author":"JO Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390801997732","article-title":"Air pollution and public health: a guidance document for risk managers","volume":"71","author":"L Craig","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L817","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00442.2007","article-title":"Interactions of nanoparticles with pulmonary structures and cellular responses","volume":"294","author":"C M\u00fchlfeld","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2004.08.003","article-title":"Particulate matter in polluted air may increase biomarkers of inflammation in mouse brain","volume":"26","author":"A Campbell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-3-13","article-title":"Translocation and potential neurological effects of fine and ultrafine particles a critical update","volume":"3","author":"A Peters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"issue":"Spec No. 2","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R183","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddm159","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"B Thomas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2008.04.008","article-title":"Air pollution, cognitive deficits and brain abnormalities: a pilot study with children and dogs","volume":"68","author":"L Calder\u00f3n-Garcidue\u00f1as","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/61.2.356","article-title":"Canines as sentinel species for assessing chronic exposures to air pollutants: part 2. cardiac pathology","volume":"61","author":"L Calder\u00f3n-Garcidue\u00f1as","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0182834","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T04:05:43Z","timestamp":1602734743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0182834"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Mortimer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0182834","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]]}}}