{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:39:46Z","timestamp":1787164786800,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,6]],"date-time":"2017-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1235244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1235244"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000997","name":"Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000997","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Harrison Undergraduate Research Award"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,6]],"date-time":"2017-09-06T13:33:44Z","timestamp":1504704824000},"page":"e0183853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Spatial and age-related changes in the microstructure of dystrophic and healthy diaphragms"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Catherine C.","family":"Henry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle S.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bridget B.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey G.","family":"Handsfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shayn M.","family":"Peirce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia S.","family":"Blemker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-8966(91)90039-U","article-title":"Population frequencies of inherited neuromuscular diseases-a world survey","volume":"1","author":"AE Emery","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"1119","article-title":"Prevalence of Duchenne\/Becker muscular dystrophy among males aged 5\u201324 years\u2014four states, 2007","volume":"58","year":"2009","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90579-4","article-title":"Dystrophin: the protein product of the duchenne muscular dystrophy locus","volume":"51","author":"EP Hoffman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181aa31c2","article-title":"Endomysial fibrosis in duchenne muscular dystrophy: a marker of poor outcome associated with macrophage alternative activation","volume":"68","author":"I Desguerre","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/11.3.263","article-title":"A chronic inflammatory response dominates the skeletal muscle molecular signature in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice","volume":"11","author":"JD Porter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/095952875203500108","article-title":". On granular and fatty degeneration of the voluntary muscles","volume":"35","author":"E Meryon","year":"1852","journal-title":"Med Chir Trans"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C985","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00128.2007","article-title":"Branched fibers in dystrophic mdx muscle are associated with a loss of force following lengthening contractions","volume":"293","author":"S Chan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/352536a0","article-title":"The mdx mouse diaphragm reproduces the degenerative changes of Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"352","author":"HH Stedman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2008.02.002","article-title":"Mdx respiratory impairment following fibrosis of the diaphragm","volume":"18","author":"M Ishizaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2013.06.001","article-title":"Diaphragm muscle sarcopenia in aging mice","volume":"48","author":"SM Greising","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.4.1189","article-title":"X chromosome-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) in the mouse","volume":"81","author":"G Bulfield","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1991.tb00735.x","article-title":"Animal models of muscular dystrophy\u2014what can they teach us?","volume":"17","author":"T Partridge","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-8966(93)90098-5","article-title":"Morphometric analysis of mdx diaphragm muscle fibres. Comparison with hindlimb muscles","volume":"3","author":"JP Louboutin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(88)90463-1","article-title":"Fast muscle fibers are preferentially affected in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"52","author":"C Webster","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.84.1.318","article-title":"Muscle fiber architecture of the dog diaphragm","volume":"84","author":"AM Boriek","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R33","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2001.280.1.R33","article-title":"Shape and tension distribution of the passive rat diaphragm","volume":"280","author":"AM Boriek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.71.2.583","article-title":"Regional distribution of blood flow within the diaphragm","volume":"71","author":"A Brancatisano","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1990.69.2.648","article-title":"Regional metabolic differences in the rat diaphragm","volume":"69","author":"SK Powers","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1983.55.5.1386","article-title":"Muscle fiber type distribution and architecture of the cat diaphragm","volume":"55","author":"GC Sieck","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1985.58.4.1085","article-title":"Histochemical and physiological characteristics of the rat diaphragm","volume":"58","author":"J Metzger","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-11-40","article-title":"Early manifestation of alteration in cardiac function in dystrophin deficient mdx mouse using 3D CMR tagging","volume":"11","author":"W Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140080","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2014.0080","article-title":"Multiscale models of skeletal muscle reveal the complex effects of muscular dystrophy on tissue mechanics and damage susceptibility","volume":"5","author":"KM Virgilio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01150.2014","article-title":"Agent-based computational model investigates muscle-specific responses to disuse-induced atrophy","volume":"118","author":"KS Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"In silico and in vivo experiments reveal M-CSF injections accelerate regeneration following muscle laceration","author":"KS Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00019.2003","article-title":"Cellular and molecular regulation of muscle regeneration","volume":"84","author":"SBP Charg\u00e9","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"65","article-title":"A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure","volume":"6","author":"S Holm","year":"1979","journal-title":"Scand J Stat"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.70.6.2663","article-title":"Regional variation in canine diaphragm thickness","volume":"70","author":"SS Margulies","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1995.78.3.1030","article-title":"Diaphragm thickness heterogeneity at functional residual capacity and total lung capacity","volume":"78","author":"JL Wait","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199706000-00003","article-title":"Diaphragm structure and function in health and disease","volume":"29","author":"DC Poole","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med Sci Sport Exerc"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(95)00033-A","article-title":"Costal diaphragm blood flow heterogeneity at rest and during exercise","volume":"101","author":"WL Sexton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1990.69.5.1702","article-title":"Effects of body position and lung volume on in situ operating length of canine diaphragm","volume":"69","author":"SS Margulies","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.80.2.445","article-title":"Age-related increases in diaphragmatic maximal shortening velocity","volume":"80","author":"SK Powers","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"696","article-title":"Maximal respiratory pressures: normal values and relationship to age and sex","volume":"99","author":"LF Black","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.1.8025746","article-title":"Age-related changes in diaphragm muscle contractile properties and myosin heavy chain isoforms","volume":"150","author":"LE Gosselin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"5","article-title":"Recherches sur la paralysie musculaire pseudo-hypertrophique ou paralysie myo-scl\u00e9rotique","volume":"11","author":"GBA Duchenne","year":"1868","journal-title":"Arch Gen Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.03.024","article-title":"Age-related differences in lower-limb muscle cross-sectional area and torque production in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"91","author":"S Mathur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil. Elsevier Inc"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-7353com","article-title":"Dystrophin-deficient mdx mice display a reduced life span and are susceptible to spontaneous rhabdomyosarcoma","volume":"21","author":"JS Chamberlain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Faseb J"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201403967","article-title":"Inflammatory monocytes promote progression of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and can be therapeutically targeted via CCR2","volume":"6","author":"K Mojumdar","year":"2014","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2012.1006","article-title":"Proteomics reveals drastic increase of extracellular matrix proteins collagen and dermatopontin in the aged mdx diaphragm model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"30","author":"S Carberry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/2044-5040-4-7","article-title":"Novel and optimized strategies for inducing fibrosis in vivo: focus on Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"4","author":"P Pessina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Skelet Muscle"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms11041509","article-title":"Oxidative stress, molecular inflammation and sarcopenia","volume":"11","author":"SJ Meng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200105110","article-title":"A nitric oxide synthase transgene ameliorates muscular dystrophy in mdx mice","volume":"155","author":"M Wehling","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-8166(76)90039-2","article-title":"The morphology of regeneration of skeletal muscles in the rat","volume":"8","author":"H Schmalbruch","year":"1976","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092040304","article-title":"Secondary myogenesis of normal muscle produces abnormal myotubes","volume":"204","author":"M Ontell","year":"1982","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/2044-5040-4-9","article-title":"Incidence and severity of myofiber branching with regeneration and aging","volume":"4","author":"C Pichavant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Skelet Muscle"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(68)90058-0","article-title":"Histopathological changes in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"7","author":"CD Bell","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1992.0058","article-title":"Abnormalities in structure and function of limb skeletal muscle fibres of dystrophic mdx mice","volume":"248","author":"SI Head","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2004.06.008","article-title":"Histological parameters for the quantitative assessment of muscular dystrophy in the mdx-mouse","volume":"14","author":"A Briguet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1525107","article-title":"PGC-1alpha regulates the neuromuscular junction program and ameliorates Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"21","author":"C Handschin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092190305","article-title":"Electron microscopic and autoradiographic characterization of hindlimb muscle regeneration in the mdx mouse","volume":"219","author":"JE Anderson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1159\/000240245","article-title":"Myonucleus-related properties in soleus muscle fibers of mdx mice","volume":"191","author":"M Terada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0117306","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117306","article-title":"Skeletal muscle fibrosis in the mdx\/utrn+\/- mouse validates its suitability as a murine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"10","author":"KM Gutpell","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/7.5.823","article-title":"Mdx muscle pathology is independent of nNOS perturbation","volume":"7","author":"RH Crosbie","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090932","article-title":"Antibody-directed myostatin inhibition improves diaphragm pathology in young but not adult dystrophic mdx mice","volume":"176","author":"KT Murphy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091780107","article-title":"I segment lengths and thin filament periods in skeletal muscle fibers of the Rhesus monkey and the human","volume":"178","author":"SM Walker","year":"1974","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1966.sp007909","article-title":"The variation in isometric tension with sarcomere length in vertebrate muscle fibres","volume":"184","author":"AM Gordon","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21848","article-title":"Impaired respiratory function in mdx and mdx\/utrn(+\/-) mice","volume":"43","author":"P Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(88)90005-2","article-title":"Sarcomere length in normal and dystrophic chick muscles","volume":"101","author":"CR Ashmore","year":"1988","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880151008","article-title":"Differential expression of muscular dystrophy in diaphragm versus hindlimb muscles of mdx mice","volume":"15","author":"EE Dupont-Versteegden","year":"1992","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1995.79.3.941","article-title":"Regional adaptations of rabbit diaphragm muscle fibers to unilateral denervation","volume":"79","author":"W-Z Zhan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1988.64.1.291","article-title":"Somatotopy in the segmental innervation of the cat diaphragm","volume":"64","author":"M Fournier","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"30","article-title":"Action of costal and crural parts of the diaphragm on the rib cage in dog","volume":"53","author":"A De Troyer","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol Respir Env Exerc Physiol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24641","article-title":"Analysis of muscle fiber clustering in the diaphragm muscle of sarcopenic mice","volume":"52","author":"SM Greising","year":"2015","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880080306","article-title":"Rat diaphragm: changes in muscle fiber type frequency with age","volume":"8","author":"C Maltin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C834","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1993.265.3.C834","article-title":"Adaptations in myosin heavy chain expression and contractile function in dystrophic mouse diaphragm","volume":"265","author":"BJ Petrof","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2003.009894","article-title":"Respiratory muscle fibres: specialisation and plasticity","volume":"59","author":"B Polla","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0183853","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]],"date-time":"2019-10-03T01:27:34Z","timestamp":1570066054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0183853"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Wiche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,6]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0183853","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,6]]}}}