{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:23:35Z","timestamp":1792513415954,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,25]],"date-time":"2017-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology and Immunology Diseases, NIAID, NIH","award":["HHSN266200400016C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN266200400016C"]}]},{"name":"Division of Microbiology and Immunology Diseases, NIAID, NIH","award":["HHSN266200400016C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN266200400016C"]}]},{"name":"World Bank African Centres of Excellence grant","award":["ACE02-WACCBIP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACE02-WACCBIP"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,25]],"date-time":"2017-09-25T17:36:04Z","timestamp":1506360964000},"page":"e0185303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Variations in the quality of malaria-specific antibodies with transmission intensity in a seasonal malaria transmission area of Northern Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5483-9985","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kwadwo A.","family":"Kusi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel A.","family":"Manu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Manful Gwira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Kyei-Baafour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel K.","family":"Dickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jones A.","family":"Amponsah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmond J.","family":"Remarque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart W.","family":"Faber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clemens H. M.","family":"Kocken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Dodoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben A.","family":"Gyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon A.","family":"Awandare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Atuguba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham R.","family":"Oduro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwadwo A.","family":"Koram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"World Health Organization: World Malaria Report 2016. Geneva: 2016."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00025-08","article-title":"Acquired Immunity to Malaria","volume":"22","author":"DL Doolan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/192733a0","article-title":"Gamma-globulin and acquired immunity to human malaria","volume":"192","author":"S Cohen","year":"1961","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"SUPPL-9","key":"ref4","article-title":"The passive transfer of human malarial immunity","volume":"13","author":"IA McGregor","year":"1964","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1991.45.297","article-title":"Parasitologic and clinical human response to immunoglobulin administration in falciparum malaria","volume":"45","author":"A Sabchareon","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31822d1451","article-title":"Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte-binding antigen-175 are associated with protection from clinical malaria","volume":"30","author":"MB McCarra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0567-9","article-title":"Protection of Malian children from clinical malaria is associated with recognition of multiple antigens","volume":"14","author":"M Daou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M111","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M111.007948","article-title":"Sterile protective immunity to malaria is associated with a panel of novel P. falciparum antigens","volume":"10","author":"A Trieu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50","DOI":"10.1086\/656413","article-title":"Association between naturally acquired antibodies to erythrocyte-binding antigens of Plasmodium falciparum and protection from malaria and high-density parasitemia","volume":"51","author":"JS Richards","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2006.081695","article-title":"Profiling the antibody immune response against blood stage malaria vaccine candidates","volume":"53","author":"JC Gray","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv224","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum Protein Microarray Antibody Profiles Correlate With Protection From Symptomatic Malaria in Kenya","volume":"212","author":"AE Dent","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12736","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501808102","article-title":"Structure of AMA1 from Plasmodium falciparum reveals a clustering of polymorphisms that surround a conserved hydrophobic pocket","volume":"102","author":"T Bai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(90)90172-I","article-title":"Analysis of variation in PF83, an erythrocytic merozoite vaccine candidate antigen of Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"42","author":"AW Thomas","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1989.40.344","article-title":"Small area variation in prevalence of an S-antigen serotype of Plasmodium falciparum in villages of Madang, Papua New Guinea","volume":"40","author":"KP Forsyth","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000149","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000149","article-title":"Host control of malaria infections: constraints on immune and erythropoeitic response kinetics","volume":"4","author":"PG McQueen","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8110","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008110","article-title":"Humoral immune response to mixed PfAMA1 alleles; multivalent PfAMA1 vaccines induce broad specificity","volume":"4","author":"KA Kusi","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12488","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0701464104","article-title":"Structural basis of antigenic escape of a malaria vaccine candidate","volume":"104","author":"S Dutta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3286","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.5.3286-3294.2001","article-title":"Specificity of the protective antibody response to apical membrane antigen 1","volume":"69","author":"AN Hodder","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5827","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00593-07","article-title":"In immunization with Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen 1, the specificity of antibodies depends on the species immunized","volume":"75","author":"K Miura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.675","article-title":"Repeated infection of Aotus monkeys with Plasmodium falciparum induces protection against subsequent challenge with homologous and heterologous strains of parasite","volume":"62","author":"TR Jones","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"873","article-title":"Epidemiological significance of repeated infections with homologous and heterologous strains and species of Plasmodium","volume":"35","author":"GM Jeffery","year":"1966","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.1.422-430.2005","article-title":"Allele specificity of naturally acquired antibody responses against Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen 1","volume":"73","author":"A Cortes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-32","article-title":"Measurement of the plasma levels of antibodies against the polymorphic vaccine candidate apical membrane antigen 1 in a malaria-exposed population","volume":"12","author":"KA Kusi","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2417315","article-title":"Antigens induced on erythrocytes by P. falciparum: expression of diverse and conserved determinants","volume":"231","author":"K Marsh","year":"1986","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1086\/314652","article-title":"Complexity of Plasmodium falciparum infections is consistent over time and protects against clinical disease in Tanzanian children","volume":"179","author":"A Farnert","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15391","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015391","article-title":"Generation of humoral immune responses to multi-allele PfAMA1 vaccines; effect of adjuvant and number of component alleles on the breadth of response","volume":"5","author":"KA Kusi","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-40","article-title":"Immunization with different PfAMA1 alleles in sequence induces clonal imprint humoral responses that are similar to responses induced by the same alleles as a vaccine cocktail in rabbits","volume":"10","author":"KA Kusi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003840","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003840","article-title":"Overcoming antigenic diversity by enhancing the immunogenicity of conserved epitopes on the malaria vaccine candidate apical membrane antigen-1","volume":"9","author":"S Dutta","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-6-103","article-title":"Assessing malaria control in the Kassena-Nankana district of northern Ghana through repeated surveys using the RBM tools","volume":"6","author":"S Owusu-Agyei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-108","article-title":"Antibody levels to multiple malaria vaccine candidate antigens in relation to clinical malaria episodes in children in the Kasena-Nankana district of Northern Ghana","volume":"10","author":"D Dodoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-6-96","article-title":"Severe falciparum malaria in young children of the Kassena-Nankana district of northern Ghana","volume":"6","author":"AR Oduro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.08.055","article-title":"Production, quality control, stability and pharmacotoxicity of cGMP-produced Plasmodium falciparum AMA1 FVO strain ectodomain expressed in Pichia pastoris","volume":"26","author":"BW Faber","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"e0164053","article-title":"Production, Quality Control","volume":"11","author":"BW Faber","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3713","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.6.3713-3718.2001","article-title":"Antibodies to variant antigens on the surfaces of infected erythrocytes are associated with protection from malaria in Ghanaian children","volume":"69","author":"D Dodoo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.222","article-title":"Correlation of high levels of antibodies to multiple pre-erythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum antigens and protection from infection","volume":"73","author":"CC John","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.2.597-604.2003","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum infection elicits both variant-specific and cross-reactive antibodies against variant surface antigens","volume":"71","author":"R Chattopadhyay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-2-12","article-title":"Polymorphism in two merozoite surface proteins of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Gabon","volume":"2","author":"A Aubouy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-26","article-title":"Polymorphism of the merozoite surface protein-1block 2 region in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Mauritania","volume":"13","author":"MSO Salem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721201","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/721201","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum msp2 Genotypes and Multiplicity of Infections among Children under Five Years with Uncomplicated Malaria in Kibaha","volume":"2015","author":"W Kidima","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.10.1.133-139.2003","article-title":"Simultaneous detection of 15 human cytokines in a single sample of stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"10","author":"W de Jager","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1517\/17530059.1.1.129","article-title":"Head and neck squamous and thyroid carcinomas: multiplexed Luminex approaches for early detection","volume":"1","author":"F Linkov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Opin Med Diagn"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1576-z","article-title":"Serological markers to measure recent changes in malaria at population level in Cambodia","volume":"15","author":"K Kerkhof","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-212","article-title":"Assessment of exposure to Plasmodium falciparum transmission in a low endemicity area by using multiplex fluorescent microsphere-based serological assays","volume":"4","author":"JB Sarr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004699","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004699","article-title":"Integration of Multiplex Bead Assays for Parasitic Diseases into a National, Population-Based Serosurvey of Women 15\u201339 Years of Age in Cambodia","volume":"10","author":"JW Priest","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00183-06","article-title":"Multiplex Assay for Simultaneous Measurement of Antibodies to Multiple Plasmodium falciparum Antigens","volume":"13","author":"GG Fouda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical and Vaccine Immunology"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-63","article-title":"Spatio-temporal malaria transmission patterns in Navrongo demographic surveillance site, northern Ghana","volume":"12","author":"S Kasasa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.10.058","article-title":"Dynamics and role of antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum merozoite antigens in children living in two settings with differing malaria transmission intensity","volume":"34","author":"DT Kangoye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0167175","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167175","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum Sporozoite Antigens as Predictive Disease Transmission Markers in an Area of Ghana with Seasonal Malaria Transmission","volume":"11","author":"KA Kusi","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-142","article-title":"Cohort study of the association of antibody levels to AMA1, MSP119, MSP3 and GLURP with protection from clinical malaria in Ghanaian children","volume":"7","author":"D Dodoo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.10.025","article-title":"Antibody responses to a panel of Plasmodium falciparum malaria blood-stage antigens in relation to clinical disease outcome in Sudan","volume":"27","author":"NC Iriemenam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.4.1.1","article-title":"Analysis of human antibodies to erythrocyte binding antigen 175 peptide 4 of Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"4","author":"FS Toure","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Med Res"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01585-07","article-title":"Breadth and magnitude of antibody responses to multiple Plasmodium falciparum merozoite antigens are associated with protection from clinical malaria","volume":"76","author":"FH Osier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir223","article-title":"Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum Antigens Predict a Higher Risk of Malaria But Protection From Symptoms Once Parasitemic","volume":"204","author":"B Greenhouse","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.2.735-741.2004","article-title":"Measurement of antibody levels against region II of the erythrocyte-binding antigen 175 of Plasmodium falciparum in an area of malaria holoendemicity in western Kenya","volume":"72","author":"EA Ohas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-22","article-title":"Trends in multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections among asymptomatic residents in the middle belt of Ghana","volume":"12","author":"A Agyeman-Budu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5108","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408725102","article-title":"Estimating medium- and long-term trends in malaria transmission by using serological markers of malaria exposure","volume":"102","author":"CJ Drakeley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-14-2","article-title":"Long term persistence of clonal malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum lineages in the Colombian Pacific region","volume":"14","author":"DF Echeverry","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Genet"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.5.2628-2636.2006","article-title":"The most polymorphic residue on Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen 1 determines binding of an invasion-inhibitory antibody","volume":"74","author":"AM Coley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Immun"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0185303","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,18]],"date-time":"2020-10-18T06:37:45Z","timestamp":1603003065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0185303"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"\u00c9rika Martins","family":"Braga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,25]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0185303","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,25]]}}}