{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T08:05:40Z","timestamp":1790928340082,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,9]],"date-time":"2017-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ira and Mary Lou Fulton Gift Fund at BYU"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,9]],"date-time":"2017-11-09T13:35:14Z","timestamp":1510234514000},"page":"e0188053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Personal exposure to fine particulate air pollution while commuting: An examination of six transport modes on an urban arterial roadway"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7330-7503","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert A.","family":"Chaney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantel D.","family":"Sloan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria C.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan R.","family":"Hendrickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler A.","family":"McCord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James D.","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2006.10464485","article-title":"Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect","volume":"56","author":"CA Pope 3rd","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Air Waste Manag Assoc"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.04.070","article-title":"A Source Apportionment of U.S. Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution","volume":"45","author":"GD Thurston","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos Environ (1994)"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2011.619082","article-title":"PM2.5 source apportionment: reconciling receptor models for U.S. nonurban and urban long-term networks","volume":"61","author":"LW Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Air Waste Manag Assoc"},{"issue":"34","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.07.030","article-title":"A review of intraurban variations in particulate air pollution: Implications for epidemiological research","volume":"39","author":"JG Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-6-23","article-title":"Near-highway pollutants in motor vehicle exhaust: a review of epidemiologic evidence of cardiac and pulmonary health risks","volume":"6","author":"D Brugge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","first-page":"96","article-title":"What can individuals do to reduce personal health risks from air pollution?","volume":"7","author":"R Laumbach","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"Bureau USC. Commuting characteristics by sex: 2015 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. 2015(<ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/factfinder.census.gov\/faces\/tableservices\/jsf\/pages\/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_15_1YR_S0801&prodType=table\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/factfinder.census.gov\/faces\/tableservices\/jsf\/pages\/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_15_1YR_S0801&amp;prodType=table<\/ext-link> (accesssed 1 Mar 2017))."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3182093693","article-title":"Respiratory effects of commuters&apos; exposure to air pollution in traffic","volume":"22","author":"M Zuurbier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2002.10470794","article-title":"Meta-analysis of time-series studies of air pollution and mortality: effects of gases and particles and the influence of cause of death, age, and season","volume":"52","author":"DM Stieb","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Air Waste Manag Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2015.68","article-title":"The Fort Collins Commuter Study: Impact of route type and transport mode on personal exposure to multiple air pollutants","volume":"26","author":"N Good","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.03.014","article-title":"Air pollution and activity during transportation by car, subway, and walking","volume":"37","author":"A Morabia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2007.06.011","article-title":"Effects of travel mode on exposures to particulate air pollution","volume":"34","author":"DJ Briggs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2003.09.036","article-title":"Personal exposure to particulate air pollution in transport microenvironments","volume":"38","author":"J Gulliver","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(01)00723-9","article-title":"Fine particle (PM2.5) personal exposure levels in transport microenvironments, London, UK","volume":"279","author":"HS Adams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"27","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.05.035","article-title":"Exposure to ultrafine and fine particles and noise during cycling and driving in 11 Dutch cities","volume":"43","author":"H Boogaard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901622","article-title":"Commuters&apos; Exposure to Particulate Matter Air Pollution Is Affected by Mode of Transport, Fuel Type, and Route","volume":"118","author":"M Zuurbier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"issue":"26","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.04.015","article-title":"Relative exposure to fine particulate matter and VOCs between transport microenvironments in Dublin: Personal exposure and uptake","volume":"42","author":"A McNabola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jes.7500601","article-title":"Air change rates of motor vehicles and in-vehicle pollutant concentrations from secondhand smoke","volume":"18","author":"W Ott","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of exposure science and environmental epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/0957-1272(91)90014-6","article-title":"Spatial variations in nitrogen dioxide concentrations in an urban area","volume":"25","author":"CN Hewitt","year":"1991","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment Part B Urban Atmosphere"},{"issue":"27","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4323","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(02)00354-0","article-title":"Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel traffic","volume":"36","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Atmospheric environment"},{"issue":"35","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.07.054","article-title":"Fine particle concentrations in buses and taxis in Florence, Italy","volume":"42","author":"MC Fondelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.06.035","article-title":"Particulate matter exposure along designated bicycle routes in Vancouver, British Columbia","volume":"405","author":"A Thai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2001.10464254","article-title":"Comparison of real-time instruments used to monitor airborne particulate matter","volume":"51","author":"A Chung","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2012.85","article-title":"The impact of traffic volume, composition, and road geometry on personal air pollution exposures among cyclists in Montreal, Canada","volume":"23","author":"M Hatzopoulou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Env Epid"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-8-48","article-title":"Minute ventilation of cyclists, car and bus passengers: an experimental study","volume":"8","author":"M Zuurbier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environmental health"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2012.08.009","article-title":"Replacing car trips by increasing bike and public transport in the greater Barcelona metropolitan area: a health impact assessment study","volume":"49","author":"D Rojas-Rueda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environment international"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Bureau USC. Quick Facts: Salt Lake City, Utah. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.censusgov\/quickfacts\/table\/PST045215\/4967000,00\" xlink:type=\"simple\">www.censusgov\/quickfacts\/table\/PST045215\/4967000,00<\/ext-link> 2017;(accessed 3 Mar 2017)."},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"Utah Mapping Portal\u2014The Utah Automated Geographic Reference Center. State C, and Municipal Boundaries. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/gis.utah.gov\/data\/boundaries\/citycountystate\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/gis.utah.gov\/data\/boundaries\/citycountystate\/<\/ext-link> (accessed 3 Nov 2016). 2014."},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"The Occupational Enviornment: It&apos;s Evaluation and Control","year":"1997"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500108","article-title":"The 1998 Baltimore Particulate Matter Epidemiology-Exposure Study: part 2. Personal exposure assessment associated with an elderly study population","volume":"10","author":"R Williams","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Env Epid"},{"issue":"38","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2003.09.019","article-title":"The Research Triangle Park particulate matter panel study: PM mass concentration relationships","volume":"37","author":"R Williams","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(16)30021-4","article-title":"Levels of ambient air pollution according to mode of transport: a systematic review","volume":"2","author":"M Cepeda","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2015.1057877","article-title":"Cycling as a part of daily life: a review of health perspectives","volume":"36","author":"T G\u00f6tschi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transport Reviews"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.05.036","article-title":"Assessment of personal exposure to particulate air pollution during commuting in European cities\u2014Recommendations and policy implications","volume":"490","author":"A Karanasiou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2009.00593.x","article-title":"Field study of air change and flow rate in six automobiles","volume":"19","author":"LD Knibbs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indoor air"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1021\/es0618797","article-title":"In-cabin commuter exposure to ultrafine particles on Los Angeles freeways","volume":"41","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environmental science & technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500414","article-title":"Characterizing the range of children&apos;s air pollutant exposure during school bus commutes","volume":"15","author":"LD Sabin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-006-9515-z","article-title":"In-vehicle measurement of ultrafine particles on compressed natural gas, conventional diesel, and oxidation-catalyst diesel heavy-duty transit buses","volume":"125","author":"D Hammond","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environmental monitoring and assessment"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2003.11.008","article-title":"Commuters\u2019 exposure to PM 2.5, CO, and benzene in public transport in the metropolitan area of Mexico City","volume":"38","author":"J Gomez-Perales","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"Prevention CfDCa. Transportation Health Impact Assessment Toolkit 2011 [<ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthyplaces\/transportation\/promote_strategy.htm\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthyplaces\/transportation\/promote_strategy.htm<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Bureau USC. Income, Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2015: U.S. Census Bureau; 2016 [<ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/press-releases\/2016\/cb16-158.html\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/press-releases\/2016\/cb16-158.html<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Association APT. A profile of public transportation passenger demographics and travel characteristics reported in on-board surveys2007 5\/1\/2017. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.apta.com\/resources\/statistics\/Documents\/transit_passenger_characteristics_text_5_29_2007.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.apta.com\/resources\/statistics\/Documents\/transit_passenger_characteristics_text_5_29_2007.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"12","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205201","article-title":"Environmental inequality in exposures to airborne particulate matter components in the United States","volume":"120","author":"ML Bell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environmental health perspectives"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181f2f405","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to fine particulate matter and birth weight: variations by particulate constituents and sources","volume":"21","author":"ML Bell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass)"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104763","article-title":"Airborne PM^ sub 2.5^ Chemical Components and Low Birth Weight in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic Regions of the United States","volume":"120","author":"K Ebisu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environmental health perspectives"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200808-1240OC","article-title":"Hospital admissions and chemical composition of fine particle air pollution","volume":"179","author":"ML Bell","year":"2009","journal-title":"American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0188053","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,5]],"date-time":"2019-10-05T19:04:21Z","timestamp":1570302261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0188053"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Roger A","family":"Coulombe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,9]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0188053","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,9]]}}}