{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T10:48:49Z","timestamp":1788778129941,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]],"date-time":"2017-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]],"date-time":"2017-11-28T13:36:19Z","timestamp":1511876179000},"page":"e0188560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Primary care and health inequality: Difference-in-difference study comparing England and Ontario"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Cookson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Mondor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3538-4417","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Miqdad","family":"Asaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dionne S.","family":"Kringos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niek S.","family":"Klazinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2494-7031","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Walter P.","family":"Wodchis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61690-6","article-title":"Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health","volume":"372","author":"M Marmot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Population. The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income: Implications for Federal Programs and Policy Responses. National Academies Press","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-994","article-title":"Widening social inequality in life expectancy in Denmark. A register-based study on social composition and mortality trends for the Danish population","volume":"12","author":"H Br\u00f8nnum-Hansen","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Later Retirement, Inequality in Old Age, and the Growing Gap in Longevity Between Rich and Poor","author":"Barrg Bosworth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brookings Inst"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0009.2005.00409.x","article-title":"Contribution of primary care to health systems and health","volume":"83","author":"B Starfield","year":"2005","journal-title":"Milbank Q"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61402-6","article-title":"Alma-Ata 30 years on: revolutionary, relevant, and time to revitalise","author":"JE Lawn","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"The World Health Report 2008: Primary health care (now more than ever)","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.00149","article-title":"The contribution of primary care systems to health outcomes within Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, 1970\u20131998","volume":"38","author":"J Macinko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Heal Serv Res"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.0582","article-title":"Living in a country with a strong primary care system is beneficial to people with chronic conditions","volume":"34","author":"J Hansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2012.1242","article-title":"Europe\u2019s strong primary care systems are linked to better population health but also to higher health spending","volume":"32","author":"DS Kringos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heal Aff"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1258\/jhsrp.2010.010155","article-title":"Vigorous implementation of effective care can reduce inequalities in health","volume":"16","author":"T Sheldon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Heal Serv Res Policy"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6296(98)00043-5","article-title":"The redistributive effect of health care finance in twelve OECD countries","author":"E Van Doorslaer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Health Economics"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1016\/S1574-0064(00)80047-5","article-title":"Equity in health care finance and delivery","volume":"1","author":"A Wagstaff","year":"2000","journal-title":"Handb Heal Econ. Elsevier"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2010.128280","article-title":"Can we reduce health inequalities? An analysis of the English strategy (1997\u20132010)","volume":"65","author":"JP Mackenbach","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Heal"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Tackling health inequalities","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"National Audit Office. Tackling inequalities in life expectancy in areas with the worst health and deprivation [Internet]. 2010. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.nao.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/07\/1011186.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.nao.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/07\/1011186.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Department of Health. Equitable Access to Primary Medical Care [Internet]. 2007. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/+\/www.dh.gov.uk\/en\/Aboutus\/Procurementandproposals\/Procurement\/ProcurementatPCTs\/index.htm\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/+\/www.dh.gov.uk\/en\/Aboutus\/Procurementandproposals\/Procurement\/ProcurementatPCTs\/index.htm<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.20.3.116","article-title":"Primary care in Canada: so much innovation, so little change","volume":"20","author":"B Hutchison","year":"2001","journal-title":"Heal Aff"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0009.2011.00628.x","article-title":"Primary health care in Canada: systems in motion","volume":"89","author":"B Hutchison","year":"2011","journal-title":"Milbank Q"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.12927\/hcq.2013.23041","article-title":"All the Right Intentions but Few of the Desired Results: Lessons on Access to Primary Care from Ontario\u2019s Patient Enrolment Models","volume":"15","author":"RH Glazier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Healthc Q"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.2971","article-title":"Physician response to pay-for-performance: evidence from a natural experiment","volume":"23","author":"J Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008840","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-008840","article-title":"The NHS Health Check in England: an evaluation of the first 4 years","volume":"6","author":"J Robson","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison of Primary Care Models in Ontario. ICES Investig Rep","author":"RH Glazier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2016.04.010","article-title":"Primary care in Ontario, Canada: New proposals after 15 years of reform","volume":"120","author":"GP Marchildon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"206742","article-title":"How a universal health system reduces inequalities: lessons from England","volume":"jech-2015","author":"M Asaria","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Heal"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000737","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000737","article-title":"Trends in social inequalities for premature coronary heart disease mortality in Great Britain, 1994\u20132008: a time trend ecological study","volume":"2","author":"D McCartney","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059608","article-title":"Unequal Trends in Coronary Heart Disease Mortality by Socioeconomic Circumstances, England 1982\u20132006: An Analytical Study","volume":"8","author":"M Bajekal","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Population and household estimates for the United Kingdom","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Statistics Canada Catalogue no","author":"Statistics Canada","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"The English indices of deprivation 2010","author":"D McLennan","year":"2011","journal-title":"London Dep Communities Local Gov"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"ON-Marg: Ontario Marginalization Index User Guide version 1.0","author":"FI Matheson","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Review of the General Medical Services global sum formula","author":"BMA NHS Employers and","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.023036","article-title":"Measures of health inequalities: part 2","volume":"58","author":"E Regidor","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Heal"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(91)90212-U","article-title":"On the measurement of inequalities in health","volume":"33","author":"A Wagstaff","year":"1991","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(96)00073-1","article-title":"Measuring the magnitude of socio-economic inequalities in health: an overview of available measures illustrated with two examples from Europe","volume":"44","author":"JP Mackenbach","year":"1997","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"Tackling inequalities in life expectancy in areas with the worst health and deprivation","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008783","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-008783","article-title":"Unequal socioeconomic distribution of the primary care workforce: whole-population small area longitudinal study","volume":"6","author":"M Asaria","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)92410-X","article-title":"The inverse care law","volume":"297","author":"J Tudor Hart","year":"1971","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09466-7","article-title":"The inverse care law today","volume":"360","author":"G Watt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4152","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e4152","article-title":"Multimorbidity and the inverse care law in primary care","volume":"344","author":"SW Mercer","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Inequalities in life expectancy","author":"D Buck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chang Over Time Implic Policy King\u2019s Fund"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (2016), Gross national income (indicator). [Internet]. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/data.oecd.org\/natincome\/gross- national-income.htm\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/data.oecd.org\/natincome\/gross- national-income.htm<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (2016), Income Distribution and Poverty (Gini Coefficient indicator) [Internet]. [cited 28 Jun 2016]. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/stats.oecd.org\/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=IDD\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/stats.oecd.org\/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=IDD<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref45","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (2016), Social spending (indicator) [Internet]. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/data.oecd.org\/socialexp\/social-spending.htm\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/data.oecd.org\/socialexp\/social-spending.htm<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref46","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (2016), Current expenditure on health (per capita, constant prices, constant PPPs, OECD base year indicator) [Internet]. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/stats.oecd.org\/index.aspx?queryid=30126\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/stats.oecd.org\/index.aspx?queryid=30126<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001237","article-title":"Analysing recent socioeconomic trends in coronary heart disease mortality in England, 2000\u20132007: A population modelling study","volume":"9","author":"M Bajekal","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Med"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0188560","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]],"date-time":"2018-10-22T10:37:27Z","timestamp":1540204647000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0188560"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Hajo","family":"Zeeb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0188560","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]]}}}