{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:47:37Z","timestamp":1790178457271,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]],"date-time":"2018-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 104-2314-B-384-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 104-2314-B-384-006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]],"date-time":"2018-01-11T19:30:30Z","timestamp":1515699030000},"page":"e0190683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Impact of grouping complications on mortality in traumatic brain injury: A nationwide population-based study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5925-8477","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chung-Han","family":"Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fu-Wen","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jhi-Joung","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung-Ching","family":"Chio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinn-Rung","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-005-0651-y","article-title":"A systematic review of brain injury epidemiology in Europe","volume":"148","author":"F Tagliaferri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta neurochirurgica"},{"issue":"22","key":"ref2","first-page":"444","article-title":"Nationwide epidemiology of hospitalized patients with first-time traumatic brain injury with special reference to prevention","volume":"150","author":"H Alaranta","year":"1999","journal-title":"Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270315","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: a silent epidemic","volume":"27","author":"M Goldstein","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annals of neurology"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury in the United States: emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths.","volume":"2","author":"M Faul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref5","first-page":"349","article-title":"Prevalence and consequences of sleep disorders in traumatic brain injury","volume":"3","author":"RJ Castriotta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of clinical sleep medicine: JCSM: official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2002-17408","article-title":"Anxiety disorders associated with traumatic brain injuries","volume":"17","author":"DW Hiott","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.08.041","article-title":"Development of posttraumatic stress disorder after mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"93","author":"JM Hoffman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(03)00378-1","article-title":"Outcome following moderate traumatic brain injury","volume":"60","author":"TW Vitaz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Surgical neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1358","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: a disease process, not an event","volume":"27","author":"BE Masel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of neurotrauma"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2010.10.006","article-title":"Epidemiology of ischaemic stroke and traumatic brain injury","volume":"24","author":"VL Feigin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.620112","article-title":"Patients with traumatic brain injury: population-based study suggests increased risk of stroke","volume":"42","author":"YH Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1375\/brim.12.3.179","article-title":"Aspiration pneumonia following severe traumatic brain injury: prevalence and risk factors for long-term mortality","volume":"12","author":"AA Howle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Impairment"},{"issue":"7641","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39461.643438.25","article-title":"Predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury: practical prognostic models based on large cohort of international patients","volume":"336","author":"MCT Collaborators","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2005.22.1025","article-title":"Predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury: development and validation of a prognostic score based on admission characteristics","volume":"22","author":"CW Hukkelhoven","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of neurotrauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-6-38","article-title":"Systematic review of prognostic models in traumatic brain injury","volume":"6","author":"P Perel","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC medical informatics and decision making"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70023-7","article-title":"Global variation in stroke burden and mortality: estimates from monitoring, surveillance, and modelling","volume":"8","author":"SC Johnston","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.26081","article-title":"Sleep disorders associated with traumatic brain injury","volume":"82","author":"RJ Castriotta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.20840","article-title":"Sleep apnea in adults with traumatic brain injury: a preliminary investigation","volume":"82","author":"JB Webster","year":"2001","journal-title":"Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"229","article-title":"Discovery, analysis, and presentation of strong rules","author":"G Piatetsky-Shapiro","year":"1991","journal-title":"Knowledge discovery in databases"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.22.3.61","article-title":"Taiwan\u2019s new national health insurance program: genesis and experience so far","volume":"22","author":"M Cheng T-","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng T-M. Taiwan\u2019s national health insurance system: high value for the dollar. Six Countries, Six Reform Models: Their Healthcare Reform: Experience of Israel, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Singapore, Switzerland and Taiwan Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific. 2009:171\u2013204.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814261593_0007"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(92)90133-8","article-title":"Adapting a clinical comorbidity index for use with ICD-9-CM administrative databases","volume":"45","author":"RA Deyo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of clinical epidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","article-title":"A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation","volume":"40","author":"ME Charlson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of chronic diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.1.JNS121130","article-title":"In-hospital mortality after traumatic brain injury surgery: a nationwide population-based comparison of mortality predictors used in artificial neural network and logistic regression models: Clinical article","volume":"118","author":"Y Shi H-","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3928\/19404921-20111206-02","article-title":"Prevalence of comorbidity and its association with traumatic brain injury and outcomes in older adults","volume":"5","author":"HJ Thompson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Research in gerontological nursing"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0690-3","article-title":"Variability in outcome and resource use in intensive care units","volume":"33","author":"HU Rothen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intensive care medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/14.5.403","article-title":"A prospective study of prolonged stay in the intensive care unit: predictors and impact on resource utilization","volume":"14","author":"Y Arabi","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal for Quality in Health Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340000612","article-title":"Analyzing the impact of long-term patients on ICU bed utilization","volume":"26","author":"C Weissman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Intensive care medicine"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"398","article-title":"Database Theory\u2014ICDT\u201999","author":"N Pasquier","year":"1999"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(03)80287-4","article-title":"Application of a data-mining technique to analyze coprescription patterns for antacids in Taiwan","volume":"25","author":"J Chen T-","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Therapeutics"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14824","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014824","article-title":"Application of Frequent Itemsets Mining to Analyze Patterns of One-Stop Visits in Taiwan","volume":"6","author":"Y Tu C-","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e93956","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093956","article-title":"One-year mortality associations in hemodialysis patients after traumatic brain injury\u2014an eight-year population-based study","volume":"9","author":"JC Liao","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14m09749","article-title":"Increased risk of new-onset depression in patients with traumatic brain injury and hyperlipidemia: the important role of statin medications","volume":"77","author":"HY Wee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.003675","article-title":"Insomnia Subtypes and the Subsequent Risks of Stroke Report From a Nationally Representative Cohort","volume":"45","author":"P Wu M-","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"9735","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60834-3","article-title":"Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control study","volume":"376","author":"MJ O'Donnell","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050802320132","article-title":"Prescription medication use in persons many years following traumatic brain injury","volume":"22","author":"B Yasseen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain injury"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-15-61","article-title":"Multimorbidity of chronic diseases and health care utilization in general practice","volume":"15","author":"SH van Oostrom","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000166","article-title":"Multiple chronic conditions and life expectancy: a life table analysis","volume":"52","author":"EH DuGoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-016-0580-x","article-title":"Multimorbidity and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in a nationally representative population sample: implications of count versus cluster method for defining multimorbidity on HRQoL","volume":"15","author":"L Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"605","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e821","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp12X659295","article-title":"Multimorbidity, polypharmacy, referrals, and adverse drug events: are we doing things well?","volume":"62","author":"A Calderon-Larranaga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.11.JNS09857","article-title":"Use of an artificial neural network to predict head injury outcome","volume":"113","author":"AI Rughani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of neurosurgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.1.JNS121130","article-title":"In-hospital mortality after traumatic brain injury surgery: a nationwide population-based comparison of mortality predictors used in artificial neural network and logistic regression models","volume":"118","author":"Y Shi H-","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-5-3","article-title":"Comparison of artificial neural network and logistic regression models for prediction of mortality in head trauma based on initial clinical data","volume":"5","author":"B Eftekhar","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4004","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia in pediatric traumatic brain injury","volume":"33","author":"M Hamele","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.07.005","article-title":"Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with severe traumatic brain injury in a Serbian trauma centre","volume":"38","author":"B Jovanovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.1999.00754.x","article-title":"Aspiration in severe trauma: a prospective study","volume":"54","author":"D Lockey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"9193","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)12251-1","article-title":"Supine body position as a risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: a randomised trial","volume":"354","author":"MB Drakulovic","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-014-0689-4","article-title":"Effect of a fever control protocol-based strategy on ventilator-associated pneumonia in severely brain-injured patients","volume":"18","author":"Y Launey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Critical Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref49","first-page":"4","article-title":"Assessing available information on the burden of sepsis: global estimates of incidence, prevalence and mortality","volume":"2","author":"I Jawad","year":"2012","journal-title":"population"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0723","article-title":"Systemic sepsis exacerbates mild post-traumatic brain injury in the rat","volume":"26","author":"L Venturi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"The potential for animal models to provide insight into mild traumatic brain injury: translational challenges and strategies","author":"SR Shultz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.22","article-title":"Changing patterns in the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury","volume":"9","author":"B Roozenbeek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neurology"},{"key":"ref53","article-title":"Use of Rotterdam CT Scores for Mortality Risk Stratification in Children With Traumatic Brain Injury","author":"K Liesemer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatric critical care medicine: a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181ae6d39","article-title":"Factors associated with mortality and brain injury after falls from the standing position","volume":"67","author":"B Sarani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"Brain death after severe traumatic brain injury: the role of systemic secondary brain insults","author":"J Sanchez-Olmedo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transplantation proceedings"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000297884.86058.8A","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of intensity of care on mortality after traumatic brain injury","volume":"36","author":"HJ Thompson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Critical care medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20140076","article-title":"Validation of acute myocardial infarction cases in the national health insurance research database in taiwan","volume":"24","author":"L Cheng C-","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2013.09.009","article-title":"Validating the diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke in a National Health Insurance claims database","volume":"114","author":"Y Hsieh C-","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the Formosan Medical Association"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.07.075","article-title":"Validity of in-hospital mortality data among patients with acute myocardial infarction or stroke in National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan","volume":"201","author":"L Cheng C-","year":"2015","journal-title":"International journal of cardiology"},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"Validation of a novel claims-based stroke severity index in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage","author":"C Hung L-","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0190683","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,25]],"date-time":"2020-10-25T14:09:39Z","timestamp":1603634979000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0190683"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"M\u00e1ria A.","family":"Deli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0190683","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]]}}}