{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T09:26:01Z","timestamp":1775640361377,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,21]],"date-time":"2018-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine","award":["15R44931"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15R44931"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000008","name":"Health Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15R66575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15R66575"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000008","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fraser Basin Council","award":["15R44554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15R44554"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15R65329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15R65329"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,23]],"date-time":"2018-02-23T10:55:16Z","timestamp":1519383316000},"page":"e0192419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["The effect of low and high-intensity cycling in diesel exhaust on flow-mediated dilation, circulating NOx, endothelin-1 and blood pressure"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2467-876X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luisa V.","family":"Giles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott J.","family":"Tebbutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Carlsten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Koehle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.652859","article-title":"Endothelial function and dysfunction: testing and clinical relevance","volume":"115","author":"JE Deanfield","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000132474.50966.DA","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction","volume":"15","author":"DH Endemann","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s003950050156","article-title":"Endothelial cell functions. Relationship to atherogenesis","volume":"94","author":"M Toborek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.12.1351","article-title":"Regular aerobic exercise prevents and restores age-related declines in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy men","volume":"102","author":"CA DeSouza","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(02)02433-5","article-title":"Effect of exercise on upper and lower extremity endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"90","author":"N Gokce","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1","article-title":"Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: An update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"121","author":"RD Brook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3930","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.588962","article-title":"Diesel exhaust inhalation causes vascular dysfunction and impaired endogenous fibrinolysis","volume":"112","author":"NL Mills","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.051351","article-title":"Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence","volume":"174","author":"DE Warburton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cmaj"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6851","article-title":"Ultrafine particle deposition in subjects with asthma","volume":"112","author":"DC Chalupa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370304468","article-title":"Ultrafine particle deposition in humans during rest and exercise","volume":"15","author":"CC Daigle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2011.604106","article-title":"Inhaled whole exhaust and its effect on exercise performance and vascular function","volume":"23","author":"PT Cutrufello","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370601051727","article-title":"Inhalation of ultrafine and fine particulate matter disrupts systemic vascular function","volume":"19","author":"KW Rundell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3552","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00991","article-title":"Acute exposure to diesel exhausts impairs endothelial vasomotor function and nitric oxide bioavailability","volume":"62","author":"A Wauters","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0108-z","article-title":"The health effects of exercising in air pollution","volume":"44","author":"LV Giles","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Montelukast prevents vascular endothelial dysfunction from internal combustion exhaust inhalation during exercise","author":"KW Rundell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-5-13","article-title":"Exposure to ambient concentrations of particulate air pollution does not influence vascular function or inflammatory pathways in young healthy individuals","volume":"5","author":"EV Brauner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Acute exposure to diesel exhausts impairs endothelial vasomotor function and nitric oxide bioavailability.; 2012; Brussels Belgium","author":"A Wauters","journal-title":"Acta Cardiologica"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000309","article-title":"Physiological Responses to Diesel Exhaust Exposure Are Modified by Cycling Intensity","volume":"46","author":"LV Giles","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11027","article-title":"Diesel exhaust inhalation elicits acute vasoconstriction in vivo","volume":"116","author":"A Peretz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.027615","article-title":"Determining the intensity and energy expenditure during commuter cycling","volume":"41","author":"B de Geus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-7-11","article-title":"Flow mediated dilation of the brachial artery: an investigation of methods requiring further standardization","volume":"7","author":"A Peretz","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.10015","article-title":"Multiple imputation for missing data","volume":"25","author":"PA Patrician","year":"2002","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02337191","article-title":"Biochemical responses during recovery from maximal and submaximal swimming exercise","volume":"54","author":"C Goodman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2011.562256","article-title":"The Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory (APEL) for controlled human exposure to diesel exhaust and other inhalants: characterization and comparison to existing facilities","volume":"23","author":"N Birger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1594","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00669.2008","article-title":"The impact of baseline diameter on flow-mediated dilation differs in young and older humans","volume":"295","author":"DH Thijssen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.11.027","article-title":"Allometric scaling of diameter change in the original flow-mediated dilation protocol","volume":"226","author":"G Atkinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Linear Mixed Models A Practical Guide to Using Statistical Software","author":"BW West","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfp051","article-title":"Pulmonary nanoparticle exposure disrupts systemic microvascular nitric oxide signaling","volume":"110","author":"TR Nurkiewicz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2011.570225","article-title":"Formation of vascular S-nitrosothiols and plasma nitrates\/nitrites following inhalation of diesel emissions","volume":"74","author":"TL Knuckles","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004309","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.112.004309","article-title":"Altered nitric oxide bioavailability contributes to diesel exhaust inhalation-induced cardiovascular dysfunction in man","volume":"2","author":"JP Langrish","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200112761","article-title":"Effects of inhaled nitric oxide on regional blood flow are consistent with intravascular nitric oxide delivery","volume":"108","author":"RO 3rd Cannon","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(93)90507-Q","article-title":"Biological effects of diesel exhaust particles. I. In vitro production of superoxide and in vivo toxicity in mouse","volume":"14","author":"M Sagai","year":"1993","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/59.1.5","article-title":"The toxicology of inhaled nitric oxide","volume":"59","author":"B Weinberger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.73.5.808","article-title":"Negative feedback regulation of endothelial cell function by nitric oxide","volume":"73","author":"GM Buga","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R640","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.90899.2008","article-title":"Impairment of coronary endothelial cell ET(B) receptor function after short-term inhalation exposure to whole diesel emissions","volume":"297","author":"TW Cherng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.03.010","article-title":"Diesel exhaust exposure enhances venoconstriction via uncoupling of eNOS","volume":"230","author":"TL Knuckles","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1829","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00230.2009","article-title":"eNOS uncoupling and endothelial dysfunction in aged vessels","volume":"297","author":"YM Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.166967","article-title":"Air pollution exposure potentiates hypertension through reactive oxygen species-mediated activation of Rho\/ROCK","volume":"28","author":"Q Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.86.4.368","article-title":"Nitric oxide: an emerging role in cardioprotection?","volume":"86","author":"RD Rakhit","year":"2001","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0001-6772.2003.01205.x","article-title":"Redox regulation of the afferent arteriole and tubuloglomerular feedback","volume":"179","author":"CS Wilcox","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)92827-4","article-title":"Contribution of endogenous generation of endothelin-1 to basal vascular tone","volume":"344","author":"WG Haynes","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.135947","article-title":"Contribution of endothelin 1 to the vascular effects of diesel exhaust inhalation in humans","volume":"54","author":"JP Langrish","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00542-2","article-title":"Effects of vitamin E on chronic and acute endothelial dysfunction in smokers","volume":"35","author":"T Neunteufl","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(89)90416-6","article-title":"Control of shear stress in the epicardial coronary arteries of humans: impairment by atherosclerosis","volume":"14","author":"JA Vita","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2006.10.032","article-title":"Diesel exhaust particles induce endothelial dysfunction in apoE-\/- mice","volume":"219","author":"CS Hansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr195","article-title":"Combustion-derived nanoparticulate induces the adverse vascular effects of diesel exhaust inhalation","volume":"32","author":"NL Mills","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"US EPA (2002) Health Assessment Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0192419","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T14:15:26Z","timestamp":1570803326000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0192419"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Aur\u00e9lien","family":"Wauters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,21]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0192419","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,21]]}}}