{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T13:45:36Z","timestamp":1772113536092,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,22]],"date-time":"2018-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Elizabeth Glaser Paediatric AIDS Foundation (EGPAF)","award":["CDC-02-01-34-011-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDC-02-01-34-011-04"]}]},{"name":"President\u2019s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and United States Agency for International Development (USAID)","award":["PACT sub-award number P3121A0028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PACT sub-award number P3121A0028"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["082384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["082384"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["65377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["65377"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Clinician Researcher PhD Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Clinician Researcher PhD Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["50535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50535"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,22]],"date-time":"2018-02-22T19:01:51Z","timestamp":1519326111000},"page":"e0192805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Preterm delivery and small-for-gestation outcomes in HIV-infected pregnant women on antiretroviral therapy in rural South Africa: Results from a cohort study, 2010-2015"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7554-2934","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Terusha","family":"Chetty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Thorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Coutsoudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"40","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000212","article-title":"Earlier initiation of ART and further decline in mother-to-child HIV transmission rates, 2000\u20132011","volume":"28","author":"CL Townsend","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181cf9979","article-title":"Effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy duration and regimen on risk for mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Johannesburg, South Africa","volume":"54","author":"RM Hoffman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1506816","article-title":"Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection","volume":"373","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0800971","article-title":"Early antiretroviral therapy and mortality among HIV-infected infants","volume":"359","author":"A Violari","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1086\/519848","article-title":"Increased rates of preterm delivery are associated with the initiation of highly active antiretrovial therapy during pregnancy: a single-center cohort study","volume":"196","author":"F Martin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"51","article-title":"Combination antiretroviral therapy with protease inhibitors in HIV-infected pregnancy","volume":"40","author":"CP Dola","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1511691","article-title":"Benefits and risks of antiretroviral therapy for perinatal HIV prevention","volume":"375","author":"MG Fowler","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv389","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy in relation to birth outcomes among HIV-infected women: a cohort study","volume":"213","author":"N Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis553","article-title":"Highly active antiretroviral therapy and adverse birth outcomes among HIV-infected women in Botswana","volume":"206","author":"JY Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"31","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy and pregnancy outcomes in developing countries: a systematic review","volume":"3","author":"F Alemu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J MCH AIDS"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2008.00520.x","article-title":"Increased rate of prematurity associated with antenatal antiretroviral therapy in a German\/Austrian cohort of HIV-1-infected women","volume":"9","author":"I Grosch-Woerner","year":"2008","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200411190-00019","article-title":"Increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in HIV-infected women treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy in Europe","volume":"18","author":"C Thorne","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.29.11.1289","article-title":"Lack of effect on prematurity, birth weight, and infant growth from exposure to protease inhibitors in utero and after birth","volume":"29","author":"A Carceller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis198","article-title":"Premature delivery in HIV-infected women starting protease inhibitor therapy during pregnancy: role of the ritonavir boost?","volume":"54","author":"J Sibiude","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328133884b","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy and premature delivery in diagnosed HIV-infected women in the United Kingdom and Ireland","volume":"21","author":"CL Townsend","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"403","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes and risk factors for low birth weight and preterm delivery among HIV-infected pregnant women in Guangxi, China","volume":"125","author":"L Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"135030","article-title":"Small-for-gestational-age births in pregnant women with HIV, due to severity of HIV disease, not antiretroviral therapy","volume":"2012","author":"E Aaron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obs Gynecol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis728","article-title":"Combination antiretroviral use and preterm birth","volume":"207","author":"DH Watts","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000847","article-title":"Reassuring birth outcomes with Tenofovir\/Emtricitabine\/Efavirenz used for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Botswana","volume":"71","author":"R Zash","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e172222","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.2222","article-title":"Comparative safety of antiretroviral treatment regimens in pregnancy","author":"R Zash","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"National Department of Health South Africa. National consolidated guidelines for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) and the management of HIV in children, adolescents and adults [Internet]. Pretoria; 2015 [cited 16 Jun 2016]. Available: http:\/\/www.up.ac.za\/media\/shared\/62\/ZP_Files\/art-guidelines-15052015.zp57683.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"South African National Department of Health. Clinical guidelines: PMTCT (prevention of mother-to-child transmission) [Internet]. Pretoria: South African National AIDS Council; 2010 [cited 16 Jun 2016]. Available: http:\/\/www.hiv911.org.za\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/04\/2010-PMTCT-Guidelines.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"South African Department of Health. The South African antiretroviral treatment guidelines 2013 [Internet]. Department of Health; 2013 [cited 16 Jun 2016]. Available: http:\/\/www.sahivsoc.org\/upload\/documents\/2013 ART Treatment Guidelines Final 25 March 2013.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Global Health Observatory Data Repository. GHO | By category | Antiretroviral therapy coverage\u2014Data and estimates by country [Internet]. World Health Organization; [cited 3 Jun 2016]. Available: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/gho\/data\/node.main.626?lang=en<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e209","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70018-X","article-title":"Use of antiretroviral therapy in households and risk of HIV acquisition in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 2004\u201312: A prospective cohort study","volume":"2","author":"A Vandormael","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Heal"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"UNAIDS. 2015 Progress report on the global plan towards the elimination of new HIV infections among children and keeping their mothers alive [Internet]. 2015 [cited 30 Oct 2017]. Available: http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2015\/JC2774_2015ProgressReport_GlobalPlan<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"South African National Department of Health. Re: implementation of the universal test and treat strategy for HIV positive patients and differentiated care for stable patients [Internet]. 2016 [cited 22 Mar 2017]. Available: www.sahivsoc.org\/<\/ext-link>\u2026\/22 8 16 Circular UTT Decongestion\u2026"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"WHO consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: recommendations for a public health approach June 2013","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"UNAIDS. The Gap report [Internet]. Geneva; 2014 [cited 16 Jun 2016]. doi:ISBN 978-92-9253-062-4"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012088","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012088","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Hlabisa pregnancy cohort, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"6","author":"T Chetty","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym211","article-title":"Cohort profile: Africa Centre Demographic Information System (ACDIS) and population-based HIV survey","volume":"37","author":"F Tanser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp402","article-title":"Cohort profile: Hlabisa HIV Treatment and Care Programme","volume":"40","author":"CF Houlihan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60932-6","article-title":"International standards for newborn weight, length, and head circumference by gestational age and sex: The Newborn Cross-Sectional Study of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project","volume":"384","author":"J Villar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"6736","article-title":"INTERGROWTH-21st very preterm size at birth reference charts","author":"J Villar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.043265","article-title":"Methodology for optimising location of new primary health care facilities in rural communities: a case study in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"60","author":"F Tanser","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Heal"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"South African National Department of Health. Updates on revised antiretroviral treatment guidelines 2013 [Internet]. 2013 [cited 16 Jun 2016]. Available: http:\/\/www.sahivsoc.org\/practise-guidelines\/national-dept-of-health-guidelines<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Born too soon: the global action report on preterm births [Internet]. 2012 [cited 25 Apr 2017]. Available: http:\/\/www.who.int\/pmnch\/media\/news\/2012\/preterm_birth_report\/en\/index5.html<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62293-X","article-title":"Consensus on kangaroo mother care acceleration","volume":"382","author":"C Engmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"South African Department of Health. Strategic Plan for Maternal, Newborn, Child and Women\u2019s Health (MNCWH) and Nutrition in South Africa. 2012."},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Every newborn: an action plan to end preventable deaths","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Department of Health Republic of South Africa. South Africa\u2019s national strategic plan for a campaign on accelerated reduction of maternal and child mortality in Africa (CARMMA) [Internet]. 2012 [cited 25 Apr 2017]. Available: http:\/\/www.hst.org.za\/sites\/default\/files\/%0Acarmma.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des090","article-title":"Maternal HIV infection associated with small-for-gestational age infants but not preterm births: evidence from rural South Africa","volume":"27","author":"J Ndirangu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(15)00207-6","article-title":"Perinatal outcomes associated with maternal HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"COO Wedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70288-7","article-title":"Triple antiretroviral compared with zidovudine and single-dose nevirapine prophylaxis during pregnancy and breastfeeding for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 (Kesho Bora study): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"I de Vincenzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2652-14-42","article-title":"Birth outcomes in South African women receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy: a retrospective observational study","volume":"14","author":"K van der Merwe","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-014-0694-2","article-title":"Pregnant women living with HIV (WLH) supported at clinics by peer WLH: a cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"L Richter","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"332","article-title":"Determining gestational age in a low-resource setting: validity of last menstrual period","volume":"27","author":"RE Rosenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01293.x","article-title":"A comparison of women\u2019s, providers\u2019 and ultrasound assessments of pregnancy duration among termination of pregnancy clients in South Africa","volume":"114","author":"K Blanchard","year":"2007","journal-title":"BJOG"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0192805","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T21:15:41Z","timestamp":1588972541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0192805"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Graciela","family":"Andrei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,22]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0192805","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,22]]}}}