{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:40:49Z","timestamp":1792802449705,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]],"date-time":"2018-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05tcsqz68","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]],"date-time":"2018-03-02T13:26:51Z","timestamp":1519997211000},"page":"e0193577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Multidisease testing for HIV and TB using the GeneXpert platform: A feasibility study in rural Zimbabwe"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0386-8641","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zibusiso","family":"Ndlovu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Fajardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elton","family":"Mbofana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatenda","family":"Maparo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Garone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Metcalf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Bygrave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kekeletso","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sekesai","family":"Zinyowera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Ending AIDS. Progress towards the 90-90-90 targets. 2017. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/Global_AIDS_update_2017_en.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/Global_AIDS_update_2017_en.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed July 2017"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Get on the fast-track. The life cycle approach to HIV. Finding solutions at every stage of life. 2016. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/Get-on-the-Fast-Track_en.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/Get-on-the-Fast-Track_en.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed Jan 2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref3","first-page":"101","article-title":"Emergence of a peak in early infant mortality due to HIV\/AIDS in South Africa","volume":"23","author":"D Bourne","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Jani I 2017. Effect of point-of-care testing on antiretroviral-therapy initiation rates in infants. Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI 2017), Seattle, USA. Abstract 26. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.croiconference.org\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/croi2017-press-conference-schedule.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.croiconference.org\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/croi2017-press-conference-schedule.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed May 2017."},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"<italic>Recommendations for a public health approach<\/italic>","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. Progress report 2016. Prevent HIV, Test and Treat all. Geneva, Switzerland 2013. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/251713\/1\/WHO-HIV-2016.24-eng.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/251713\/1\/WHO-HIV-2016.24-eng.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed Nov 2017."},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"The End TB Strategy","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Point-of-care tests for infection control: Should rapid testing be in the laboratory or at the front line?","volume":"85","author":"C Moore","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"17324","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities for the implementation of virological testing in resource-limited settings","volume":"15","author":"T Roberts","year":"2012"},{"issue":"Issue 1","key":"ref10","article-title":"Thompson Implementation of Point-of-Care Diagnostics in Rural Primary Healthcare Clinics in South Africa: Perspectives of Key Stakeholders","volume":"Vol: 7","author":"T Mashamba-Thompson","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"173","article-title":"Feasibility of HIV point-of-care tests for resource-limited settings: challenges and solutions","volume":"12","author":"W Stevens","year":"2014"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref12","first-page":"e0155256","article-title":"Point-of-care testing improves linkage to HIV care and timeliness of ART initiation in a public health approach: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"L Vojnov","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30091-7","article-title":"Effect of point-of-care CD4 cell count results on linkage to care and antiretroviral initiation during a home-based HIV testing campaign: a non-blinded, cluster-randomized trial","author":"M Desai","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Updated: Xpert MTB\/RIF implementation manual technical and operational \u201chow-to\u201d: practical considerations. Geneva, Switzerland. 2014. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/xpert_implem_manual\/en\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/xpert_implem_manual\/en\/<\/ext-link>. Accessed Sept 2016"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Cepheid GeneXpert HIV-1 Quant, HIV-1 Qual, MTB\/Rif. Cepheid (Cepheid Inc. Sunnyvale CA, USA). <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.cepheid.com\/en\/cepheid-solutions\/clinical-ivd-tests\/virology\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.cepheid.com\/en\/cepheid-solutions\/clinical-ivd-tests\/virology<\/ext-link>. Accessed December 2015"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"1128","article-title":"Evaluation of HIV-1 RealTime, Xpert HIV-1 and Aptima HIV-1 Quant Dx assays in comparison to the NucliSENS EasyQ v2.0 HIV-1 assay for quantification of HIV-1 viral load","volume":"vol; 10","author":"O Mor","year":"2015"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref17","first-page":"1043","article-title":"Scale-up of routine viral load testing in resource-poor settings: Current and future implementation challenges","volume":"62","author":"T Roberts","year":"2016"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"ref18","first-page":"S51","article-title":"Scale-up of early infant HIV diagnosis and improving access to pediatric HIV care in Global Plan countries: Past and future perspectives","volume":"75","author":"S Essajee","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Low utilization of Xpert MTB\/Rif among HIV\/TB co-infected adults in the International epidemiologic databases to evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) program","author":"K Clouse","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Guidelines for ART for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV in Zimbabwe","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4102\/ajlm.v5i2.557","article-title":"Quality assurance for HIV POC testing and treatment monitoring assays","volume":"5","author":"A Meyers","year":"2016","journal-title":"African Journal of lab medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001031","article-title":"Ensuring quality: a key consideration in scaling-up HIV-related point-of-care testing programs","volume":"30","author":"P Fonjungo","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Global Laboratory Initiative (GLI). Advancing TB diagnostics. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.stoptb.org\/wg\/gli\/gat.asp\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.stoptb.org\/wg\/gli\/gat.asp<\/ext-link>; <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/spreadsheets\/d\/1GiA7F37twFf4H4xqrVCrPhs-czphLJoBr_Hp9w9UbDI\/pubhtml\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/docs.google.com\/spreadsheets\/d\/1GiA7F37twFf4H4xqrVCrPhs-czphLJoBr_Hp9w9UbDI\/pubhtml<\/ext-link>. Accessed Nov 2017"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"430","article-title":"Reframing HIV care: putting people at the centre of antiretroviral delivery","volume":"20","author":"C Duncombe","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"817","article-title":"Mortality of HIV-1-infected patients in the first year of antiretroviral therapy: comparison between low-income and high-income countries","volume":"367","author":"P Braitstein","year":"2006"},{"issue":"no 00","key":"ref26","article-title":"Stable patients and patients with advanced disease: consensus definitions to support sustained scale up of antiretroviral therapy. Department of HIV, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland","volume":"Volume 00","author":"G Waldrop"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Burnet Institute. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.burnet.edu.au\/projects\/266_development_of_a_simple_paper_based_method_of_plasma_separation_and_collection_for_hiv_viral_load_testing\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.burnet.edu.au\/projects\/266_development_of_a_simple_paper_based_method_of_plasma_separation_and_collection_for_hiv_viral_load_testing<\/ext-link>. Accessed Jan 2017."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e78609","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078609","article-title":"Uganda&apos;s New National Laboratory Sample Transport System: A Successful Model for Improving Access to Diagnostic Services for Early Infant HIV Diagnosis and Other Programs","volume":"8","author":"C Kiyaga","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"7Suppl 6","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20299","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.18.7.20299","article-title":"Reducing mortality in HIV-infected infants and achieving the 90\u201390\u201390 target through innovative diagnosis approaches","volume":"18","author":"S Essajee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw035","article-title":"Strengthening the tuberculosis specimen referral network in Uganda: The role of public-private partnerships","volume":"213","author":"M Joloba","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv576","article-title":"Improved specimen-referral system and increased access to quality laboratory services in Ethiopia: The role of the public-private partnership","volume":"213","author":"Y Kebede","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"no: 9802","key":"ref32","first-page":"p1572","article-title":"Effect of POC CD4 cell count tests on retention of patients and rates of antiretroviral therapy initiation in primry health clinics: an observational study","volume":"vol 378","author":"I Jani","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Multidisciplinary point of care testing in South African primary healthcare clinics accelerates HIV ART initiation but does not alter retention in care","author":"W Stevens","year":"2017"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref34","first-page":"2015","article-title":"Impact of point-of-care implementation of GeneXpert MTB\/Rif: product vs process innovation","volume":"19","author":"S Schumacher"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"516","article-title":"Development, roll-out and impact of GeneXpert MTB\/Rif for Tuberculosis: what lessons have we learnt","volume":"48","author":"H Albert","year":"2016"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"ref36","first-page":"21654","article-title":"Delivering HIV care in challenging operating environments: the MSF experience towards differentiated models of care for settings with multiple basic health care needs","volume":"20","author":"S Ssonko","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"Making viral load routine: successes and challenges in the implementation of routine HIV Viral Load monitoring. MSF. 2016. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/msfaccess.org\/content\/report-making-viral-load-routine\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/msfaccess.org\/content\/report-making-viral-load-routine<\/ext-link>. Accessed Dec 2016"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Considerations for adoption and use of multidisease testing devices in integrated laboratory networks (Information note). Geneva, Switzerland 2017. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/2017\/considerations_multidisease_testing_devices_2017\/en\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/2017\/considerations_multidisease_testing_devices_2017\/en\/<\/ext-link>. Accessed July 2017"},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"Cepheid GeneXpert Omni (Cepheid Inc. Sunnyvale CA, USA). <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/ir.cepheid.com\/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=924108\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/ir.cepheid.com\/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=924108<\/ext-link>. Accessed Jan 2017"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"BioMerieux Clinial Diagnostics. Simply solutions for patient monitoring. 2009. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.biomerieux-diagnostics.com\/sites\/clinic\/files\/nuclisens-easyq-hiv-1-v-2.0.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.biomerieux-diagnostics.com\/sites\/clinic\/files\/nuclisens-easyq-hiv-1-v-2.0.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed October 2015."},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"Abbott Molecular Inc. USA. Abbott Real time HIV-1. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.helpforhiv.com\/pcr.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.helpforhiv.com\/pcr.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed in Dec 2016."},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Roche Molecular Diagnostics. Roche Cabos AmpliPrep\/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 Test <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/BiologicsBloodVaccines\/BloodBloodProducts\/ApprovedProducts\/PremarketApprovalsPMAs\/ucm092878.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/BiologicsBloodVaccines\/BloodBloodProducts\/ApprovedProducts\/PremarketApprovalsPMAs\/ucm092878.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed Nov 2016"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Prequalification report, Geneva, Switzerland. June 2016, PQDx0259-070-00. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/diagnostics_laboratory\/evaluations\/pq-list\/hiv-vrl\/160613PQPublicReport_0259-0700-00_XpertQualHIV_v2.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/diagnostics_laboratory\/evaluations\/pq-list\/hiv-vrl\/160613PQPublicReport_0259-0700-00_XpertQualHIV_v2.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"Cepheid Inc. GeneXpert Safety Data Sheet. Sept 2016 <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.cepheid.com\/en\/support\/safety-data-sheets-sds\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.cepheid.com\/en\/support\/safety-data-sheets-sds<\/ext-link>. Accessed Jan 2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref45","first-page":"e0152672","article-title":"Laboratory Evaluation of the Alere q Point-of-Care System for Early Infant HIV Diagnosis","volume":"11","author":"N Hsiao","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0193577","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T00:44:47Z","timestamp":1660524287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0193577"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Marcel","family":"Yotebieng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0193577","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]]}}}