{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T05:07:25Z","timestamp":1789276045628,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,23]],"date-time":"2018-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"HSC R&D Division, Public Health Agency"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,23]],"date-time":"2018-05-23T17:26:58Z","timestamp":1527096418000},"page":"e0195192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Belfast Youth Development Study (BYDS): A prospective cohort study of the initiation, persistence and desistance of substance use from adolescence to adulthood in Northern Ireland"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Higgins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1561-0894","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aisling","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Perra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"McCartan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"McCann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Percy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie-Ann","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking\u201450 Years of Progress. A Report of the Surgeon General. 2014. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.surgeongeneral.gov\/library\/reports\/50-years-of-progress\/full-report.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.surgeongeneral.gov\/library\/reports\/50-years-of-progress\/full-report.pdf<\/ext-link> Cited 2 December 2016."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Excessive Drinking Costs U.S. $223.5 Billion. 2014. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/features\/alcoholconsumption\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/features\/alcoholconsumption\/<\/ext-link> Cited 5 November 2016."},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"National Drug Threat Assessment","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"The Centre for Social Justice. No quick fix: Exposing the depth of Britain\u2019s drug and alcohol problem. 2013. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.centreforsocialjustice.org.uk\/core\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/addict.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.centreforsocialjustice.org.uk\/core\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/addict.pdf<\/ext-link> Cited 15 June 2016."},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use: 1975\u20132015: Overview of key findings on adolescent drug use","author":"L. D. Johnston","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. ESPAD Report 2015: Results from the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs. 2016. Luxembourg: The ESPAD Group. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.espad.org\/report\/home\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.espad.org\/report\/home<\/ext-link> Cited 12 January 2017."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2009.01035.x","article-title":"Drinking Alcohol before Age 13 and Negative Outcomes in Late Adolescence 1 Source: Alcoholism","volume":"33","author":"N. Peleg-Oren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2010.06.015","article-title":"The effects of alcohol use on academic achievement in high school","volume":"30","author":"A.I. Balsa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Economics of Education Review"},{"issue":"suppl 7","key":"ref9","first-page":"18","article-title":"Adolescent substance abuse and psychiatric comorbidities","volume":"67","author":"D Deas","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.127252","article-title":"Psychosocial attributes of substance abuse among adolescents and young adults: a comparative study of users and non-users","volume":"36","author":"P. Gopiram","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2014.934417","article-title":"Parental monitoring affects the relationship between depressed mood and alcohol- related problems in adolescents","volume":"36","author":"K.H. O\u2019Brien","year":"2015","journal-title":"Substance abuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckv123","article-title":"A qualitative investigation of the role of the family in structuring young people\u2019s alcohol use","volume":"26","author":"N. Jacob","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-014-0143-6","article-title":"Parent-child discrepancies in report of parental monitoring and their relationship to adolescent alcohol-related behaviors","volume":"44","author":"C.C. Abar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1037\/spq0000076","article-title":"School climate, family structure, and academic achievement: a study of moderation effects","volume":"30","author":"M. O\u2019Malley","year":"2015","journal-title":"School Psychology Quarterly"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.10.020","article-title":"Early adolescent substance use in Mexican origin families: Peer selection, peer influence and parental monitoring","volume":"157","author":"T.J. Schofield","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug & Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12018","article-title":"Selection and influence mechanisms associated with marijuana initiation and use in adolescent friendship networks","volume":"23","author":"K. de la Haye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescence"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02819.x","article-title":"Predicting life time and regular cannabis use during adolescence; the roles of temperament and peer substance use: the TRAILS study","volume":"105","author":"HE Creemers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s10935-005-0014-8","article-title":"Parental and Peer Influences on the Risk of Adolescent Drug Use","volume":"26","author":"SJ Bahr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Primary Prevention"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021874","article-title":"Accuracy and bias in adolescents\u2019 perceptions of friends\u2019 substance use","volume":"25","author":"D.B. Henry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Trajectories of Offending Behaviour in Northern Irish Adolescents: Research briefing","author":"K. Higgins","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-4537.2004.00368.x","article-title":"Secular trends in substance use: The conflict and young people in Northern Ireland","volume":"60","author":"K Higgins","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Soc Iss"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/car.1046","article-title":"The Extent and Nature of Family Alcohol and Drug Use: Findings from the Belfast Youth Development Study","volume":"17","author":"A. Percy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child Abuse Review"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for use in primary care","author":"T.F. Babor","year":"2001"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.6.2.117","article-title":"Motivations for Alcohol Use Among Adolescents: Development and Validation of a Four-Factor Model","volume":"6","author":"M. L. Cooper","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1989.tb03463.x","article-title":"Diagnostic Validity of the Drug Abuse Screening Test in the Assessment of DSM-III Drug Disorders","volume":"84","author":"D.R. Gavin","year":"1989","journal-title":"British Journal of The Addiction"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/14659890701476532","article-title":"Validation of the CAST, a general population Cannabis Abuse Screening Test","volume":"12","author":"S. Legleye","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Use"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/13676260701196103","article-title":"Exclusion and marginalisation in adolescence: the experience of school exclusion on drug use and antisocial behaviour","volume":"10","author":"P McCrystal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of youth studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2008.09.005","article-title":"A profile of adolescent cocaine use in Northern Ireland","volume":"20","author":"P McCrystal","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Home Office (2014). Drug misuse: Findings from the 2013\/14 Crime Survey for England and Wales. London. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/335989\/drug_misuse_201314.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/335989\/drug_misuse_201314.pdf<\/ext-link>: Home Office, 2014. Cited 4 December 2016."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13258","article-title":"Assessing elements of a family approach to reduce adolescent drinking frequency: parent-adolescent relationship, knowledge management, and keeping secrets","volume":"111","author":"M. McCann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"McLaughlin, A., O\u2019Neill, T., McCartan, C., Percy, A., Perra, O., Higgins, K., &amp; McCann, M. (2016). Parental alcohol use and resilience in young people: A study of family, peer and school processes. Short report. HSC R&amp;D, Public Health Agency, Northern Ireland. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.drugs.ie\/resourcesfiles\/ResearchDocs\/Ireland\/2016\/ParentalAlcoholUseResilienceYoungPeopleNorthernIreland.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.drugs.ie\/resourcesfiles\/ResearchDocs\/Ireland\/2016\/ParentalAlcoholUseResilienceYoungPeopleNorthernIreland.pdf<\/ext-link>. Cited 5 November 2016."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1108\/JCP-01-2015-0003","article-title":"Effects of peer network interactions on adolescent cannabis use","volume":"5","author":"J. Moriarty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Psychology"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Cross-section and panel estimates of peer effects in early adolescent cannabis use: With a little help from my \u2018friends once removed\u2019","author":"J. Moriarty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cku062","article-title":"Adolescent ecstasy use and depression: cause and effect, or two outcomes of home environment?","volume":"24","author":"M. McCann","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2011.08.009","article-title":"School-related predictors of smoking, drinking and drug use: Evidence from the Belfast Youth Development Study","volume":"35","author":"O Perra","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2006.05.006","article-title":"Brief Report: School exclusion drug use and delinquency in adolescence","volume":"29","author":"P McCrystal","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"Alcohol Insight 129","author":"T. O\u2019Neill","year":"2015"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.20322","article-title":"Damaged youth: prevalence of community violence exposure and implications for adolescent well\u2010being in post\u2010conflict Northern Ireland","volume":"37","author":"K McAloney","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Community Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref39","first-page":"443","article-title":"Sex, Drugs and STDs: Preliminary Findings from the Belfast Youth Development Study","volume":"17","author":"K McAloney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"Higgins, K., Perra, O., McCann, M., McCartan, C &amp; McLaughlin, A. Alcohol and the affluence paradox: A secondary analysis exploring the health disparities surrounding adolescent alcohol use and alcohol related harm in adulthood. 2011. Institute of Child Care Research, Queen\u2019s University Belfast: Report to the Alcohol Education Research Council."},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"EMCDDA (2011). Statistical bulletin 2011: Table GPS-1. Lifetime prevalence of drug use by age and country, most recent national general population survey available since 2000. Part (iv) Youth (15\u201324). <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/stats11\/gpstab1d\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/stats11\/gpstab1d<\/ext-link>. Cited 6 January 2017."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0195192","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T08:56:51Z","timestamp":1589014611000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0195192"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jennifer L","family":"Maggs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,23]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0195192","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,23]]}}}