{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T14:18:38Z","timestamp":1789395518520,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]],"date-time":"2018-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]],"date-time":"2018-04-24T13:33:37Z","timestamp":1524576817000},"page":"e0196098","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Inter-relationships between objective handwriting features and executive control among children with developmental dysgraphia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8666-0389","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sara","family":"Rosenblum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00312.x","article-title":"Handwriting development, competency, and intervention","volume":"49","author":"KP Feder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.57.2.129","article-title":"Computerized temporal handwriting characteristics of proficient and non-proficient handwriters","volume":"57","author":"S Rosenblum","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.01.026","article-title":"Changes in kinetics and kinematics of handwriting during a prolonged writing task in children with and without dysgraphia","volume":"32","author":"A Kushki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref4","first-page":"109","article-title":"Consistency of handwriting development in the early elementary years: A literature review","volume":"10","author":"D Marr","year":"2001","journal-title":"Israel Journal of Occupational Therapy"},{"key":"ref5","year":"2013"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949302601007","article-title":"A longitudinal study on dysgraphic handwriting in primary school","volume":"26","author":"L Hamstra-Bletz","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.2002.94.2.623","article-title":"Problems in developing functional handwriting","volume":"94","author":"R Karlsdottir","year":"2002","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"187","article-title":"Advances in handwriting and drawing: A multidisciplinairy approach","author":"B Smits-Engelsman","year":"1994"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2009.08.016","article-title":"Dyslexia, dysgraphia, procedural learning and the cerebellum","volume":"47","author":"RI Nicolson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.46.10.898","article-title":"Fine motor activities in elementary school: Preliminary findings and provisional implications for children with fine motor problems","volume":"46","author":"K McHale","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"328","article-title":"Developmental motor disorders: A neuropsychological perspective","author":"VW Berninger","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4405(91)90016-K","article-title":"Scientific practitioner: Theory-based diagnosis and remediation of writing disabilities","volume":"29","author":"VW Berninger","year":"1991","journal-title":"J School Psychol"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"65","article-title":"Writing: A Mosaic of New Perspectives and views","author":"VW Berninger","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.91.1.44","article-title":"Relationship between automaticity in handwriting and students' ability to generate written text","volume":"91","author":"D Jones","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00357","article-title":"Handwriting measures as reflectors of executive functions among adults with Developmental Coordination Disorders (DCD)","volume":"4","author":"S Rosenblum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.60.4.451","article-title":"Handwriting difficulties in primary school children: a search for underlying mechanisms","volume":"60","author":"M Volman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-010-9262-y","article-title":"Child writers\u2019 construction and reconstruction of single sentences and construction of multi-sentence texts: Contributions of syntax and transcription to translation","volume":"24","author":"VW Berninger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Read Writ"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"455","article-title":"Handbook of neuropsychology: Vol. 6. Child neuropsychology","author":"MB Denckla","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Normality and pathology in cognitive functions","author":"AW Ellis","year":"1982"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326942dn2901_4","article-title":"Dimensions of good and poor handwriting legibility in first and second graders: Motor programs, visual\u2013spatial arrangement, and letter formation parameter setting","volume":"29","author":"S Graham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(91)90003-G","article-title":"Handwriting: Issues for a psychomotor theory","volume":"10","author":"GP Van Galen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"216","article-title":"Executive function in education: From theory to practice","author":"S Graham","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref23","author":"G McCloskey","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref24","author":"P Dawson","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref25","first-page":"51","article-title":"Executive functions, self-regulation, and learned optimism in paediatric rehabilitation: A review and implications for intervention","volume":"5","author":"M Ylvisaker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev Neurorehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461(2009\/08-0002)","article-title":"Relationship of word-and sentence-level working memory to reading and writing in second, fourth, and sixth grade","volume":"41","author":"VW Berninger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"3","article-title":"Cognitive processes in writing: An interdisciplinary approach","author":"JR Hayes","year":"1980"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2006.02.005","article-title":"Verbal, visual, and spatial working memory in written language production","volume":"124","author":"RT Kellogg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref29","first-page":"209","article-title":"Assessment of executive function in preschool\u2010aged children","volume":"11","author":"PK Isquith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev Dis Res Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617706060310","article-title":"The case for the development and use of \u201cecologically valid\u201d measures of executive function in experimental and clinical neuropsychology","volume":"12","author":"PW Burgess","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/096020100389282","article-title":"The Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS): Ecological, concurrent and construct validity","volume":"10","author":"G Norris","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.09.012","article-title":"Assessing the relationship between insight and everyday executive deficits in schizophrenia: A pilot study","volume":"151","author":"D Jovanovski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2009.10.016","article-title":"Relationships between handwriting performance and organizational abilities among children with and without dysgraphia: A preliminary study","volume":"31","author":"S Rosenblum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"269","article-title":"Recent Advances of Neural Network Models and Applications","author":"S Rosenblum","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2015.03.014","article-title":"Do motor ability and handwriting kinematic measures predict organizational ability among children with Developmental Coordination Disorders?","volume":"43","author":"S Rosenblum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.62.3.298","article-title":"Development, reliability, and validity of the Handwriting Proficiency Screening Questionnaire (HPSQ)","volume":"62","author":"S Rosenblum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"1999","article-title":"School of Occupational Therapy. Faculty of Medicine","author":"N Erez"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.57.2.129","article-title":"Computerized temporal handwriting characteristics of proficient and non-proficient handwriters","volume":"57","author":"S Rosenblum","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"key":"ref39","author":"GA Gioia","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"Lachter L. Development of handwriting skills in 3rd\u20138th grade children. [Thesis]. Haifa, Israel: University of Haifa; 2006."},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"253","article-title":"Time, mind, and behavior","author":"AJ Thomassen","year":"1985"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.07.005","article-title":"Automatic segmentation as a tool for examining the handwriting process of children with dysgraphic and proficient handwriting","volume":"25","author":"S Rosenblum","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.60.1.28","article-title":"Relationships among biomechanical ergonomic factors, handwriting product quality, handwriting efficiency, and computerized handwriting process measures in children with and without handwriting difficulties","volume":"60","author":"S Rosenblum","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054706292115","article-title":"The clinical utility of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) in the diagnosis of ADHD","volume":"10","author":"S McCandless","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref45","first-page":"901","article-title":"Parent and self\u2010ratings of executive function in adolescents with specific language impairment","volume":"44","author":"DM Hughes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Lang Commun Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1076\/chin.8.4.271.13503","article-title":"Long-term executive function deficits in children with traumatic brain injuries: Assessment using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF)","volume":"8","author":"S Mangeot","year":"2002","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200008000-00002","article-title":"Ecological validity of neuropsychological assessment in childhood traumatic brain injury","volume":"15","author":"CH Silver","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1080\/17470210500162854","article-title":"Executive functions and achievements in school: Shifting, updating, inhibition, and working memory","volume":"59","author":"HL St Clair-Thompson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326985EP3501_2","article-title":"Harris K. The role of self-regulation and transcription skills in writing and writing development","volume":"35","author":"S R. Graham","year":"2000","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.63.2.182","article-title":"Handwriting performance, self-reports, and perceived self-efficacy among children with dysgraphia","volume":"63","author":"B Engel-Yeger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1997.2400","article-title":"Dysgraphia in children: Lasting psychomotor deficiency or transient developmental delay?","volume":"67","author":"BC Smits-Engelsman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Exp Child Psychol"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"223","article-title":"Cognition, occupation, and participation across the life span: Neuroscience, neurorehabilitation, and models of intervention in occupational therapy","author":"N Josman","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9345.2007.00453.x","article-title":"Handwriting: What do we know and what do we need to know?","volume":"41","author":"J Medwell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Literacy"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2167\/le722.0","article-title":"Handwriting\u2013A forgotten language skill?","volume":"22","author":"J Medwell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Language and education"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/0144341042000294912","article-title":"The slow handwriting of undergraduate students constrains overall performance in exam essays","volume":"25","author":"V Connelly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1375\/brim.11.2.125","article-title":"Development and evaluation of an ecological task to assess executive functioning post childhood TBI: The Children's Cooking Task","volume":"11","author":"MP Chevignard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Impair"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref57","first-page":"218","article-title":"Comparing performance within a virtual supermarket of children with traumatic brain injury to typically developing children: a pilot study","volume":"33","author":"N Erez","year":"2013","journal-title":"OTJR"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2013.008482","article-title":"Performance-based measure of executive function: Comparison of community and at-risk youth","volume":"67","author":"J Toglia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0196098","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]],"date-time":"2018-10-24T01:08:37Z","timestamp":1540343317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0196098"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Manalo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0196098","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]]}}}