{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:12:31Z","timestamp":1791346351766,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]],"date-time":"2018-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009408","name":"Brain Canada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009408","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["231560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["231560"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["231560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["231560"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010785","name":"Canada First Research Excellence Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]],"date-time":"2018-08-29T13:31:42Z","timestamp":1535549502000},"page":"e0198053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["1H MR spectroscopy of the motor cortex immediately following transcranial direct current stimulation at 7 Tesla"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9572-7410","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kayla","family":"Ryan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Wawrzyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph S.","family":"Gati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blaine A.","family":"Chronik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4584-7251","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dickson","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Duggal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7118-9096","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert","family":"Bartha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"527","article-title":"Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"3","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.10.1899","article-title":"Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans","volume":"57","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-2011-0618","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation\u2014update 2011","volume":"29","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06937.x","article-title":"Modulation of movement-associated cortical activation by transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"30","author":"CJ Stagg","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.02.062","article-title":"Functional improvement and neuroplastic effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) delivered 1 day vs. 1 week after cerebral ischemia in rats","volume":"1452","author":"KJ Yoon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858410386614","article-title":"Physiological basis of transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"17","author":"CJ Stagg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5202","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4432-08.2009","article-title":"Polarity- sensitive modulation of cortical neurotransmitters by transcranial stimulation","volume":"29","author":"CJ Stagg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.01.069","article-title":"The role of GABA in human motor learning.","volume":"21","author":"CJ Stagg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.249730","article-title":"Partially non-linear stimulation intensity-dependent effects of direct current stimulation on motor cortex excitability in humans","volume":"591","author":"G Batsikadze","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.05.244","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) produces localized and specific alterations in neurochemistry: a (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study","volume":"500","author":"VP Clark","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.11.008","article-title":"Online Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Real Time on Human Prefrontal and Striatal Metabolites","volume":"80","author":"A Hone-Blanchet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21709","article-title":"Myoinositol content in the human brain is modified by transcranial direct current stimulation in a matter of minutes: a 1H-MRS study","volume":"60","author":"M Rango","year":"2008","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.009","article-title":"Polarity and timing-dependent effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in explicit motor learning","volume":"49","author":"CJ Stagg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"480","article-title":"The Role of GABA in Human Motor Learning","author":"Charlotte J Stagg","year":"2011"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06935.x","article-title":"Synthesis and transport of creatine in the CNS: importance for cerebral functions","volume":"115","author":"E Beard","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref16","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Guide to the Metabolic Pathways and Function of Metabolites Observed in Human Brain 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectra","volume":"39","author":"CD Rae","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145713000084","article-title":"Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation increases brain intracellular pH and modulates bioenergetics","volume":"16","author":"CD Rae","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.05.070","article-title":"tDCS-induced alterations in GABA concentration within primary motor cortex predict motor learning and motor memory: a 7 T magnetic resonance spectroscopy study","volume":"99","author":"S Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref19","first-page":"587","article-title":"The effects of bi-hemispheric M1-M1 transcranial direct current stimulation on primary motor cortex neurophysiology and metabolite concentration","volume":"34","author":"S Tremblay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"issue":"31","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7500","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3414-16.2017","article-title":"Cooperation Not Competition: Bihemispheric tDCS and fMRI Show Role for Ipsilateral Hemisphere in Motor Learning","volume":"37","author":"S Waters","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2282-13.2014","article-title":"Bihemispheric transcranial direct current stimulation enhances effector-independent representations of motor synergy and sequence learning","volume":"34","author":"S Waters-Metenier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.098","article-title":"tDCS-enhanced motor and cognitive function in neurological diseases","volume":"85","author":"A Floel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.03.048","article-title":"Dynamic intra- and interhemispheric interactions during unilateral and bilateral hand movements assessed with fMRI and DCM","volume":"41","author":"C Grefkes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000155720.47711.83","article-title":"Motor impairment and recovery in the upper limb after stroke: behavioral and neuroanatomical correlates.","volume":"36","author":"LM Carey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2013.771796","article-title":"Neural correlates of motor impairment during motor imagery and motor execution in sub-cortical stroke","volume":"27","author":"WW Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref26","first-page":"379","article-title":"Motor Network Recovery in Patients with Chronic Spinal Cord Compression: a Longitudinal Study Following Decompression Surgery","volume":"28","author":"K Ryan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg: Spine"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903380109","article-title":"Corticocortical connections of area F3 (SMA-proper) and area F6 (pre-SMA) in the Macaque monkey","volume":"338","author":"G Luppino","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-016-4848-5","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the supplementary motor area (SMA) influences performance on motor tasks","volume":"235","author":"KE Hupfeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.09.024","article-title":"10\/20, 10\/10, and 10\/5 systems revisited: their validity as relative head-surface-based positioning systems","volume":"34","author":"V Jurcak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.12.003","article-title":"Transcranial DC stimulation (tDCS): a tool for double-blind sham-controlled clinical studies in brain stimulation","volume":"117","author":"PC Gandiga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22708","article-title":"Short-echo, single-shot, full-intensity proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for neurochemical profiling at 4 T: validation in the cerebellum and brainstem","volume":"65","author":"G Oz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20123","article-title":"Navigator gating and volume tracking for double- triggered cardiac proton spectroscopy at 3 Tesla","author":"M Schar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Magnetic Resonance in Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2594(200010)44:4<641::AID-MRM19>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Spectroscopic lineshape correction by QUECC: combined QUALITY deconvolution and eddy current correction","volume":"44","author":"R Bartha","year":"2000","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1492(199906)12:4<205::AID-NBM558>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Factors affecting the quantification of short echo in- vivo 1H MR spectra: prior knowledge, peak elimination, and filtering","volume":"12","author":"R Bartha","year":"1999","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2009.05.002","article-title":"Reduced hippocampal glutamate in Alzheimer disease","volume":"32","author":"R Rupsingh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015","article-title":"FSL","volume":"62","author":"M Jenkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.2997","article-title":"In vivo GABA T2 determination with J-refocused echo time extension at 7 T","volume":"26","author":"A Andreychenko","year":"2013","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1754","article-title":"Localized 1H NMR spectroscopy in different regions of human brain in vivo at 7 T: T2 relaxation times and concentrations of cerebral metabolites","volume":"25","author":"M Marjanska","year":"2012","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24352","article-title":"Proton T1 relaxation times of metabolites in human occipital white and gray matter at 7 T","volume":"69","author":"L Xin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20673","article-title":"Integrated data acquisition and processing to determine metabolite contents, relaxation times, and macromolecule baseline in single examinations of individual subjects","volume":"54","author":"R Kreis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00039","article-title":"Moderate relationships between NAA and cognitive ability in healthy adults: implications for cognitive spectroscopy","volume":"8","author":"T Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-007-0049-9","article-title":"Dynamic relationship between neurostimulation and N-acetylaspartate metabolism in the human visual cortex: evidence that NAA functions as a molecular water pump during visual stimulation","volume":"32","author":"MH Baslow","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"1031","article-title":"NAA and NAAG variation in neuronal activation during visual stimulation","author":"G Castellano","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref44","first-page":"239","article-title":"Investigation of NAA and NAAG dynamics underlying visual stimulation using MEGA-PRESS in a functional MRS experiment.","volume":"34","author":"RCG Landim","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2008.04.008","article-title":"Neuromodulatory effect of creatine on extracellular action potentials in rat hippocampus: role of NMDA receptors","volume":"53","author":"LF Royes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.3.1107","article-title":"Creatine and creatinine metabolism","volume":"80","author":"M Wyss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910380605","article-title":"Energetics of 3.5 s neural activation in humans: a 31P MR spectroscopy study","volume":"38","author":"M Rango","year":"1997","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410280505","article-title":"Guanidino compounds that are increased in cerebrospinal fluid and brain of uremic patients inhibit GABA and glycine responses on mouse neurons in cell culture","volume":"28","author":"PPD Deyn","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20280","article-title":"Exocytotic release of creatine in rat brain","volume":"60","author":"LS Almeida","year":"2006","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2006.12.003","article-title":"N-Acetylaspartate in the CNS: from neurodiagnostics to neurobiology","volume":"81","author":"JR Moffett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2003.49402.x","article-title":"Activation by N-acetyl-L-aspartate of acutely dissociated hippocampal neurons in rats via metabotropic glutamate receptors","volume":"44","author":"HD Yan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e08789","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.08789","article-title":"Modulation of GABA and resting state functional connectivity by transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"4","author":"V Bachtiar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.11.021","article-title":"Evidence that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) generates little-to-no reliable neurophysiologic effect beyond MEP amplitude modulation in healthy human subjects: A systematic review","volume":"66","author":"JC Horvath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.03.018","article-title":"Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over supplementary motor area (SMA) but not pre-SMA promotes short-term visuomotor learning","volume":"6","author":"H Vollmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0198053","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,8]],"date-time":"2020-11-08T07:14:48Z","timestamp":1604819688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0198053"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Tifei","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0198053","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/322941","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]]}}}