{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:33:06Z","timestamp":1791250386406,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]],"date-time":"2018-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HS&DR 12\/136\/93"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HS&DR 12\/136\/93"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]],"date-time":"2018-06-14T17:40:51Z","timestamp":1528998051000},"page":"e0198183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Timing of singleton births by onset of labour and mode of birth in NHS maternity units in England, 2005\u20132014: A study of linked birth registration, birth notification, and hospital episode data"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4638-0638","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0627-2624","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mario","family":"Cortina-Borja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Newburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gill","family":"Harper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8785-8410","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rod","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7398-3093","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Miranda","family":"Dodwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirupa","family":"Dattani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Macfarlane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"NHS England. Five year forward view. 2014."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c3498","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c3498","article-title":"Time of birth and risk of neonatal death at term: retrospective cohort study","volume":"341","author":"D Pasupathy","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h5774","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h5774","article-title":"Association between day of delivery and obstetric outcomes: observational study","volume":"351","author":"WL Palmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002000","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002000","article-title":"Birth \u201cOut-of-Hours\u201d: An Evaluation of Obstetric Practice and Outcome According to the Presence of Senior Obstetricians on the Labour Ward","volume":"13","author":"HE Knight","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02611.x","article-title":"Increased adverse perinatal outcome of hospital delivery at night","volume":"117","author":"JP De Graaf","year":"2010","journal-title":"BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6153.1670","article-title":"Variations in Number of Births and Perinatal Mortality by Day of Week in England and Wales","volume":"2","author":"A Macfarlane","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"23","article-title":"Births: the weekly cycle","volume":"13","author":"A Macfarlane","year":"1978","journal-title":"Popul Trends"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"5","article-title":"Daily and seasonal variation in live births, stillbirths and infant mortality in England and Wales, 1979\u20131996","volume":"9","author":"E Hawe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Heal Stat"},{"key":"ref9","volume":"2","author":"A Macfarlane","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-197608000-00005","article-title":"Patterns of Births: Implications for the Incidence of Elective Induction","volume":"14","author":"RR Rindfuss","year":"1976","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.37.1.57","article-title":"Births and perinatal deaths in Australia: variations by day of week","volume":"37","author":"CD Mathers","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1980.tb76964.x","article-title":"Still never on Sundays","volume":"2","author":"R Wells","year":"1980","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.2190\/C8CF-GLPC-6LBW-9KWA","article-title":"Convenience and the occurrence of births: induction of labor in the United States and Canada","volume":"9","author":"RR Rindfuss","year":"1979","journal-title":"Int J Heal Serv"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1972.tb46882.x","article-title":"Never on Sundays","volume":"1","author":"JM Martin","year":"1972","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"9","article-title":"Le mouvement journalier des naissances \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur de la semaine","volume":"1","author":"G Calot","year":"1981","journal-title":"Population (Paris)"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)90504-X","article-title":"Weekend births","volume":"324","author":"S Cole","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)91250-9","article-title":"Day of birth","volume":"324","author":"A Macfarlane","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref18","author":"A Macfarlane","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Statistical Bulletin 1997\/28","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"228","article-title":"Seasonal daily effect on the number of births in Israel","volume":"32","author":"A Cohen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser C (Applied Stat"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"281","article-title":"Advances in Climatic Physiology","author":"M Smolensky","year":"1972"},{"key":"ref22","author":"A Quetelet","year":"1835"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1159\/000155472","article-title":"Hour of birth in primates and man","volume":"18","author":"A Jolly","year":"1972","journal-title":"Folia Primatol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.2307\/1125565","article-title":"Hour of Birth and Stillbirth and Neonatal Mortality Rates","volume":"9","author":"J Yerushalmy","year":"1938","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"43","article-title":"The hour of birth. A study of the distribution of times of onset of labour and of delivery throughout the 24-hour period","volume":"7","author":"E Charles","year":"1953","journal-title":"Br J Prev Soc Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22557","article-title":"Revisiting the daily human birth pattern: Time of delivery at casa de maternidad in Madrid (1887\u20131892)","volume":"26","author":"C Varea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(87)90272-9","article-title":"Temporal variation in rates of cesarean section for dystocia: does \u201cconvenience\u201d play a role?","volume":"156","author":"W Fraser","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.56.8.577","article-title":"Time of day variation in rates of obstetric intervention to assist in vaginal delivery","volume":"56","author":"D Webb","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-536X.2010.00448.x","article-title":"When was the Baby Born? Reflecting on the Time of Day, Day of Week, Mode of Delivery, and Birth Outcomes","volume":"38","author":"D Young","year":"2011","journal-title":"Birth"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.21228","article-title":"Hour of birth and birth assistance: From a primate to a medicalized pattern?","volume":"24","author":"C Bernis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"Mathews TJ, Curtin SC. When Are Babies Born: Morning, Noon, or Night? Birth Certificate Data for 2013. U.S. National Centre for Health Statistics. Data Brief No. 200, May; 2015."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1054\/midw.1999.0210","article-title":"The hour of birth: comparisons of circadian pattern between women cared for by midwives and obstetricians","volume":"16","author":"MH Heres","year":"2000","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Pilot linkage of NHS Numbers for Babies data with birth registrations","volume":"25\u201333","author":"L Hilder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Heal Stat Q"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Linking maternity data for England 2005\u201306: methods and data quality","volume":"53\u201379","author":"N Dattani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heal Stat Q"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e017897","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017897","article-title":"Linkage of Maternity Hospital Episode Statistics data to birth registration and NHS Numbers for babies records in England 2005\u20132014: methods. A population based birth cohort study","volume":"8","author":"N Dattani","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e017898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017898","article-title":"Linkage of Maternity Hospital Episode Statistics data to birth registration and notification records for births in England 2005\u20132014: quality assurance of linkage of routine data for singleton and multiple births","volume":"8","author":"G Harper","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fds077","article-title":"Quality of routine hospital birth records and the feasibility of their use for creating birth cohorts","volume":"35","author":"J Murray","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Public Heal (United Kingdom)"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F451","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-309540","article-title":"Routinely collected English birth data sets: comparisons and recommendations for reproductive epidemiology","volume":"101","author":"RE Ghosh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0600600408","article-title":"Speaking Stata: In praise of trigonometric predictors","volume":"6","author":"NJ Cox","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stata J"},{"key":"ref40","author":"AG Barnett","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing [Internet]. Vienna. Austria; 2013. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.r-project.org\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.r-project.org\/<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4788.831","article-title":"Are more babies born at night?","volume":"2","author":"AS Simpson","year":"1952","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6165.750-b","article-title":"Variations in number of births and perinatal mortality by day of week","volume":"1","author":"A Macfarlane","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"The Information Centre for Health and Social Care. NHS maternity statistics, England: 2005\u201306. Leeds; 2007."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-13-200","article-title":"Evaluating maternity care using national administrative health datasets: How are statistics affected by the quality of data on method of delivery?","volume":"13","author":"HE Knight","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)91938-X","article-title":"Birth counts (editorial)","volume":"323","author":"The Lancet","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)92949-0","article-title":"Weekend births","volume":"324","author":"F Paccaud","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)92949-0","article-title":"Weekend births","volume":"324","author":"RW Newton","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7123.1654","article-title":"Births at Christmas are different: Population based survey of 2 million deliveries","volume":"315","author":"M Melbye","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"27","article-title":"At last\u2014maternity statistics for England: Some trends are apparent but the data still have too many gaps","volume":"316","author":"A Macfarlane","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref51","unstructured":"Secondary Care Analysis Team NHS Digital. Hospital Maternity Activity 2015\u201316. 2016."},{"key":"ref52","unstructured":"Macfarlane A, Dattani N, Gibson R, Harper G, Martin P, Dodwell M, et al. Births and their outcomes by time, day and year: a retrospective birth cohort data linkage study (in press) [Internet]. London; 2018. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/programmes\/hsdr\/1213693\/#\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/programmes\/hsdr\/1213693\/#\/<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-012-1079-7","article-title":"Labor management and mode of delivery among migrant and spanish women: Does the variability reflect differences in obstetric decisions according to ethnic origin?","volume":"17","author":"C Bernis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2015.09.002","article-title":"Caesarean births among migrant women in high-income countries","volume":"32","author":"L Merry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2016.04.001","article-title":"International migration as a determinant of emergency caesarean. Women and Birth","volume":"29","author":"L Merry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Australian College of Midwives"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0198183","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T18:46:00Z","timestamp":1661453160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0198183"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ganesh","family":"Dangal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0198183","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]]}}}