{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T10:50:36Z","timestamp":1792752636005,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,18]],"date-time":"2018-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,18]],"date-time":"2018-06-18T13:34:09Z","timestamp":1529328849000},"page":"e0199179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in commensal Escherichia coli among the children in rural hill communities of Northeast India"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ashish Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saurav","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samer","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varsha Rani","family":"Gajamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nilu","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangchen Doma","family":"Lepcha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7773-5211","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hare Krishna","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.7.1699","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in fecal flora: longitudinal community-based surveillance of children from urban Mexico. These include: Antimicrobial Resistance in Fecal Flora: Longitudinal Community-Based Surveillance of Children from Urban Mexico","volume":"40","author":"JJ Calva","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agent and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001974","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance in India: Drivers and Opportunities for Action","volume":"13","author":"R Laxminarayan","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-629","article-title":"Antibiotic use, resistance development and environmental factors: a qualitative study among healthcare professionals in Orissa, India","volume":"10","author":"KC Sahoo","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1998.00201.x","article-title":"Patterns of antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance among healthy children in Bolivia","volume":"3","author":"A Bartoloni","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1614","article-title":"The antibiotic resistome: the nexus of chemical and genetic diversity","volume":"5","author":"GD Wright","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.90962","article-title":"Interaction between the Intestinal Immune System and Commensal Bacteria and Its Effect on the Regulation of Allergic Reactions","volume":"74","author":"K Takahashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s13213-011-0308-4","article-title":"Commensal gut bacteria: Distribution of Enterococcus species and prevalence of Escherichia coli phylogenetic groups in animals and humans in Portugal","volume":"62","author":"N Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annals of Microbiology"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-477","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance among Escherichia coli isolates from stool samples of children aged 3 to 14 years from Ujjain, India","volume":"13","author":"P Shakya","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-007-0396-z","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance among commensal isolates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in the Indonesian population inside and outside hospitals","volume":"27","author":"ES Lestari","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.1998.tb00038.x","article-title":"High rates of antibiotic resistance among normal fecal flora Escherichia coli isolates in children from Greece","volume":"4","author":"AC Vatopoulos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clinical microbiology and infection: the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"1096","article-title":"Carriage of antibiotic resistant commensal E. coli in infants below 5 months in Ado-Ekiti","volume":"4","author":"AO Oluyege","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2004.12.004","article-title":"Acquired sulphonamide resistance genes in faecal Escherichia coli from healthy children in Bolivia and Peru","volume":"25","author":"B Infante","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1206.051258","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant commensal Escherichia coli in children, Peru and Bolivia","volume":"12","author":"A Bartoloni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2017.605.177","article-title":"Colonization with Antibiotic-Resistant E. coli in Commensal Fecal Flora of Newborns","volume":"6","author":"A Tule","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14040386","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in an indian rural community: A \u2018one-health\u2019 observational study on commensal coliform from humans, animals, and water","volume":"14","author":"MR Purohit","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01708-09","article-title":"Impact of outpatient antibiotic use on carriage of ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli","volume":"55","author":"MH Samore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison of commensal escherichia coli isolates from adults and young children in Lubuskie province, Poland: Virulence potential, phylogeny and antimicrobial resistance","volume":"15","author":"E Bok","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"The First Report of Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Uropathogens in Sikkim and Darjeeling Hills of India","author":"VR Gajamer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbial Drug Resistance"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"32","article-title":"Prevalence and Antibiogram Profile of Uropathogens Isolated from Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Female Patients with Urinary Tract Infections and its Associated Risk Factors: Focus on Cephalosporin","volume":"7","author":"VR Gajamer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Research and Reviews: Journal of Medical Science and Technology"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"522","article-title":"Detection of antibiotic resistance pattern with ESBL producers and MRSA among the uropathogens at Tertiary Health Care Centre, North Bengal","volume":"3","author":"VR Gajamer","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Pure &Applied Bioscience"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Ministry of Health &amp; Family Welfare G of I. National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (NAP-AMR) 2017\u20132021 [Internet]. 2017. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.nicd.nic.in\/writereaddata\/mainlinkfile\/File645.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.nicd.nic.in\/writereaddata\/mainlinkfile\/File645.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70780-7","article-title":"Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: An analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data","volume":"14","author":"TP Van Boeckel","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases. Elsevier Ltd"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01969.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance surveillance among commensal Escherichia coli in rural and urban areas in Southern India","volume":"13","author":"E Mathai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tropical medicine & international health: TM & IH"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268808001519","article-title":"Risk Factor for antibiotic-resistant E coli in children in a rural aeas","volume":"137","author":"JC Seidman","year":"2009","journal-title":"epidemiology infection"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Tambe S, Kharel G, Subba S, Arrawatia ML. Rural Water Security in the Sikkim Himalaya: Status, Initiatives and Future Strategy. 2012."},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"Issues R, Management W. Source: Census of India 2011 Data State: Sikkim Sikkim Population 2011 Sikkim Literacy Rate 2011 Sikkim Density 2011. 2011."},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Censusof India:Sikkim. District Census Handbook: North, West, South And East Districts Village And Town Wise Primary Census Abstract (PCA). Dirctorate of Census Operations: Sikkim. 2011; 1\u2013308. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.censusindia.gov.in\/2011census\/dchb\/1100_PART_B_DCHB_SIKKIM.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.censusindia.gov.in\/2011census\/dchb\/1100_PART_B_DCHB_SIKKIM.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490912400320","article-title":"OpenEpi: A Web-based Epidemiologic and Statistical Calculator for Public Health","volume":"124","author":"KM Sullivan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests: approved standard","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9030746","article-title":"Geographical Variation in Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates from Stool, Cow-Dung and Drinking Water","volume":"9","author":"KC Sahoo","year":"2012","journal-title":"International journal of environmental research and public health"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"291","article-title":"Assessing Microbial Safety of Drinking Water: Improving Approaches and Methods","volume":"85","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Microbiology"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1017\/S174413311100034X","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and child health: what is the role of health care, health conditions, injuries and maternal health?","volume":"7","author":"S Allin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Economics, Policy and Law"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00304-4","article-title":"Family self-medication and antibiotics abuse for children and juveniles in a Chinese city","volume":"50","author":"P Bi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine. Pergamon"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00155-1","article-title":"Drug utilisation and self-medication in rural communities in Vietnam","volume":"54","author":"J Okumura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine. Pergamon"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.10.079004","article-title":"Survey of non-prescribed use of antibiotics for children in an urban community in Mongolia","volume":"88","author":"G Togoobaatar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization. World Health Organization"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-11-351","article-title":"Mapping private pharmacies and their characteristics in Ujjain district, Central India","volume":"11","author":"YD Sabde","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Health Services Research. BioMed Central Ltd"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0199179","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,19]],"date-time":"2019-10-19T12:10:36Z","timestamp":1571487036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0199179"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Udai","family":"Pandey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,18]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0199179","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/280198","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,18]]}}}