{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T02:43:54Z","timestamp":1792464234156,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,12]],"date-time":"2018-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013479","name":"Bay Area Lyme Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013479","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,12]],"date-time":"2018-07-12T17:44:15Z","timestamp":1531417455000},"page":"e0199644","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Using citizen science to describe the prevalence and distribution of tick bite and exposure to tick-borne diseases in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1875-9392","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nathan C.","family":"Nieto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2611-0924","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"W. Tanner","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie C.","family":"Wachara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Lowrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Motyka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Salkeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2109.150417","article-title":"Incidence of clinician-diagnosed Lyme Disease, United States, 2005\u20132010","volume":"21","author":"CA Nelson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160117","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0117","article-title":"Lyme disease ecology in a changing world: consensus, uncertainty and critical gaps for improving control","volume":"372","author":"AM Kilpatrick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Tick-borne zoonoses in the United States: persistent and emerging threats to human health","author":"RJ Eisen","year":"2017","journal-title":"ILAR J"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1710.101474","article-title":"Humans infected with relapsing fever spirochete <italic>Borrelia miyamotoi<\/italic>, Russia","volume":"17","author":"AE Platonov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1215469","article-title":"Human <italic>Borrelia miyamotoi<\/italic> infection in the United States","volume":"368","author":"PJ Krause","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.02.006","article-title":"<italic>Borrelia miyamotoi<\/italic> infection in nature and in humans","volume":"21","author":"PJ Krause","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00464-8","article-title":"Identification of a novel pathogenic <italic>Borrelia<\/italic> species causing Lyme borreliosis with unusually high spirochaetaemia: a descriptive study","volume":"16","author":"BS Pritt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.48.091801.112728","article-title":"The ascendancy of <italic>Amblyomma americanum<\/italic> as a vector of pathogens affecting humans in the United States","volume":"48","author":"JE Childs","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35441","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035441","article-title":"Biology of <italic>Francisella tularensis<\/italic> subspecies holarctica live vaccine strain in the tick vector <italic>Dermacentor variabilis<\/italic>","volume":"7","author":"RJ Mani","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0130513","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130513","article-title":"<italic>Amblyomma americanum<\/italic> as a bridging vector for human infection with <italic>Francisella tularensis<\/italic>","volume":"10","author":"RJ Mani","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.017","article-title":"Tularemia","volume":"140","author":"JE Foley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjv237","article-title":"County-scale distribution of <italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/italic> and <italic>Ixodes pacificus<\/italic> (Acari: Ixodidae) in the continental United States","volume":"53","author":"RJ Eisen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0134812","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134812","article-title":"Disease risk and landscape attributes of tick-borne <italic>Borrelia<\/italic> pathogens in the San Francisco Bay Area, California","volume":"10","author":"DJ Salkeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.07.022","article-title":"Monitoring human tick-borne disease risk and tick bite exposure in Europe: available tools and promising future methods","volume":"5","author":"VV Hai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjw092","article-title":"Critical evaluation of the linkage between tick-based risk measures and the occurrence of Lyme disease cases","volume":"53","author":"L Eisen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.2.239","article-title":"Human behaviors elevating exposure to <italic>Ixodes pacificus<\/italic> (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs and their associated bacterial zoonotic agents in a hardwood forest","volume":"41","author":"RS Lane","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000376","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000376","article-title":"Participatory epidemiology: use of mobile phones for community-based health reporting","volume":"7","author":"CC Freifeld","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLOS medicine"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2017.17","article-title":"Crowdsourcing-based nationwide tick collection reveals the distribution of <italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/italic> and <italic>I<\/italic>. <italic>persulcatus<\/italic> and associated pathogens in Finland","volume":"6","author":"M Laaksonen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00914-9","article-title":"Citizen science provides a reliable and scaleable tool to track disease-carrying mosquitoes","volume":"8","author":"JRB Palmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Comm"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1890\/140299","article-title":"Citizen science helps predict risk of emerging infectious disease","volume":"13","author":"RK Meentemeyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Ecol Environ"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.09.006","article-title":"Analysis of the human population bitten by <italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/italic> ticks in Quebec, Canada: increasing risk of Lyme disease","volume":"7","author":"S Gasmi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Passive tick surveillance provides an accurate early signal of emerging Lyme Disease risk and human cases in Southern Canada","author":"M Ripoche","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1912","article-title":"Passive surveillance of <italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/italic> (Say), their biting activity, and associated pathogens in Massachusetts","volume":"16","author":"G Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoon Dis"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2303.161397","article-title":"Use of mass-participation outdoor events to assess human exposure to tickborne pathogens","volume":"23","author":"JL Hall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"1","article-title":"The ticks of California (Acari: Ixodida)","volume":"25","author":"DP Furman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Bull California Insect Survey"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"<italic>Insects of Virginia No<\/italic>. <italic>13<\/italic>","author":"D.E. Sonenshine","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2007.04.003","article-title":"Differentiation of three species of ixodid tick, <italic>Dermacentor andersoni<\/italic>, <italic>D<\/italic>. <italic>variabilis<\/italic> and <italic>D<\/italic>. <italic>albipictus<\/italic>, by PCR-based approaches using markers in ribosomal DNA","volume":"21","author":"SJ Dergousoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1603\/ME12193","article-title":"Range expansion of <italic>Dermacentor variabilis<\/italic> and <italic>Dermacentor andersoni<\/italic> (Acari: Ixodidae) near their northern distributional limits","volume":"50","author":"SJ Dergousoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.1.17","article-title":"Distribution, seasonality, and hosts of the Rocky Mountain wood tick in the United States","volume":"43","author":"AM James","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12099","article-title":"The geographic distribution and ecological preferences of the American dog tick, <italic>Dermacentor variabilis<\/italic> (Say), in the U.S.A","volume":"29","author":"AM James","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.6.83","article-title":"Use of real-time quantitative PCR targeting the msp2 protein gene to identify cryptic <italic>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/italic> infections in wildlife and domestic animals","volume":"6","author":"N Drazenovich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05848-11","article-title":"A new real-time PCR assay for improved detection of the parasite <italic>Babesia microti<\/italic>","volume":"50","author":"AE Teal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0208","article-title":"Niche partitioning of <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> and <italic>Borrelia miyamotoi<\/italic> in the same tick vector and mammalian reservoir species","volume":"81","author":"AG Barbour","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0330","article-title":"Modeling the present and future geographic distribution of the Lone Star Tick, <italic>Amblyomma americanum<\/italic> (Ixodida: Ixodidae), in the continental United States","volume":"93","author":"YP Springer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/13.4-5.501","article-title":"The distribution in Oregon of <italic>Ixodes pacificus<\/italic>, <italic>Dermacentor andersoni<\/italic>, and <italic>Dermacentor occidentalis<\/italic> with a note on <italic>Dermacentor variabilis<\/italic> (Acarina: Ixodidae)","volume":"13","author":"ER Easton","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0081","article-title":"Coincident tick infestations in the nostrils of wild chimpanzees and a human in Uganda","volume":"89","author":"SA Hamer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.06.005","article-title":"Epidemiology of Lyme disease in low-incidence states","volume":"6","author":"JD Forrester","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.4.493","article-title":"Birds disperse ixodid (Acari: Ixodidae) and <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic>-infected ticks in Canada","volume":"38","author":"JD Scott","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"151","article-title":"First record of <italic>Amblyomma rotundatum<\/italic> tick (Acari:Ixodidae) #parasitizing a bird collected in Canada","volume":"20","author":"JD Scott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst Appl Acarol"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"505","article-title":"Babesiosis Surveillance\u2013 18 States, 2011","volume":"61","author":"BL Herwaldt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"1832","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160834","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2016.0834","article-title":"Invasion of two tick-borne diseases across New England: harnessing human surveillance data to capture underlying ecological invasion processes","volume":"283","author":"KS Walter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.01.044","article-title":"<italic>Babesia conradae<\/italic>, sp. Nov., a small canine <italic>Babesia<\/italic> identified in California","volume":"138","author":"AM Kjemtrup","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.03.008","article-title":"Description of <italic>Babesia duncani<\/italic> n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Babesiidae) from humans and its differentiation from other piroplasms","volume":"36","author":"PA Conrad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Parasit"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0613","article-title":"Increasing incidence of <italic>Ehrlichia chaffeensis<\/italic> and <italic>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/italic> in the United States, 2000\u20132007","volume":"85","author":"FS Dahlgren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e110853","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110853","article-title":"Large scale spatial risk and comparative prevalence of <italic>Borrelia miyamotoi<\/italic> and <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> sensu lato in <italic>Ixodes pacificus<\/italic>","volume":"9","author":"K Padgett","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0707","article-title":"Epidemiology and genetic diversity of <italic>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/italic> in the San Francisco Bay area, California","volume":"95","author":"NC Nieto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/31.3.417","article-title":"Vector competence of <italic>Ixodes pacificus<\/italic> and <italic>Dermacentor occidentalis<\/italic> (Acari: Ixodidae) for various isolates of Lyme disease spirochetes","volume":"31","author":"RS Lane","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"<italic>Amblyomma americanum<\/italic> (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks are not vectors of the Lyme Disease agent, <italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/italic> (Spirocheatales: Spirochaetaceae): a review of the evidence","author":"EY Stromdahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.01.003","article-title":"Diversity of piroplasms detected in blood-fed and questing ticks from several states in the United States","volume":"5","author":"BC Shock","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0199644","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T20:24:10Z","timestamp":1589919850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0199644"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Brian","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,12]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0199644","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,12]]}}}