{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T04:13:49Z","timestamp":1760328829280,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,26]],"date-time":"2018-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"NSERC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0078130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0078130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014486","name":"Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014486","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Supine Forest Products"},{"name":"Weyerhaeuser Company (US)"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007583","name":"Alberta Conservation Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007583","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,26]],"date-time":"2018-06-26T17:25:38Z","timestamp":1530033938000},"page":"e0199671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Functional connectivity in ruminants: A generalized state-dependent modelling approach"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4119-3991","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Darcy R.","family":"Visscher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evelyn H.","family":"Merrill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"49","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19052","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800375105","article-title":"A movement ecology paradigm for unifying organismal movement research","volume":"105","author":"R Nathan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-012-9737-0","article-title":"Estimating landscape resistance to movement: a review","volume":"27","author":"KA Zeller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landscape Ecology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2016.09.008","article-title":"Behavior and conservation, conservation and behavior","volume":"12","author":"T Caro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2016.09.001","article-title":"Research priorities from animal behaviour for maximising conservation progress","volume":"31","author":"AL Greggor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-016-0347-0","article-title":"Connecting models to movements: testing connectivity model predictions against empirical migration and dispersal data","volume":"31","author":"ML McClure","year":"2016","journal-title":"Landscape Ecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.2307\/3544927","article-title":"Connectivity is a vital element of landscape structure","volume":"68","author":"P Taylor","year":"1993","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2307\/3545811","article-title":"Landscape connectivity and population distributions in heterogeneous environments","volume":"78","author":"K With","year":"1997","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1890\/04-0923","article-title":"Measuring landscape connectivity: The challenge of behavioral landscape ecology","volume":"86","author":"M Belisle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.2307\/1310545","article-title":"Large herbivore foraging and ecological hierarchies","volume":"37","author":"R Senft","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.2307\/4002919","article-title":"Mechanisms that result in large herbivore grazing distribution patterns","volume":"49","author":"DW Bailey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Range Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1086\/303395","article-title":"Habitat patch arrangement and metapopulation persistence of predators and prey","volume":"156","author":"M Holyoak","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Naturalist"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.2001.2304","article-title":"Effects of habitat destruction and resource supplementation in a predator-prey metapopulation model","volume":"210","author":"R Swihart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical Biology"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2009.17438.x","article-title":"Interactions between habitat quality and connectivity affect immigration but not abundance or population growth of the butterfly, <italic>Parnassius smintheus<\/italic>","volume":"118","author":"SF Matter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008054906030","article-title":"Spatial aspects of metapopulation survival\u2014from model results to rules of thumb for landscape management","volume":"13","author":"K Frank","year":"1998","journal-title":"Landscape Ecology"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110050","article-title":"Corridors for conservation: Integrating pattern and process","volume":"37","author":"CLB Chetkiewicz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2007.01284.x","article-title":"Patterns of movement and dispersal in an endangered damselfly and the consequences for its management","volume":"44","author":"JR Rouquette","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Ecology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1795.2009.00272.x","article-title":"The movement of African elephants in a human-dominated land-use mosaic","volume":"12","author":"MD Graham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Animal Conservation"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-008-9303-y","article-title":"Beyond the least-cost path: evaluating corridor redundancy using a graph-theoretic approach","volume":"24","author":"N Pinto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Landscape Ecology"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-018-0611-6","article-title":"Connectivity analysis as a tool for assessing restoration success","volume":"33","author":"XK Volk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landscape Ecology"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1139\/z02-161","article-title":"Gap crossing by chipmunks: An experimental test of landscape connectivity","volume":"80","author":"J Bowman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Zoology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1890\/03-0769","article-title":"Matrix structure obscures the relationship between interpatch movement and patch size and isolation","volume":"86","author":"D Bender","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0030-1299.2005.13711.x","article-title":"Behavioral tradeoffs when dispersing across a patchy landscape","volume":"108","author":"P Zollner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1644\/06-MAMM-A-080R1.1","article-title":"The effects of matrix structure on movement decisions of meadow voles (<italic>Microtus pennsylvanicus<\/italic>)","volume":"88","author":"RE Russell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Mammalogy"},{"issue":"49","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801725105","article-title":"Individual movement behavior, matrix heterogeneity, and the dynamics of spatially structured populations","volume":"105","author":"E Revilla","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2001)082[1893:IOFCOT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Influence of forest cover on the movements of forest birds: A homing experiment","volume":"82","author":"M Belisle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"issue":"50","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19774","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803530105","article-title":"Riparian corridors enhance movement of a forest specialist bird in fragmented tropical forest","volume":"105","author":"CS Gillies","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1890\/13-2168.1","article-title":"Functional connectivity experiments reflect routine movement behavior of a tropical hummingbird species","volume":"24","author":"NL Volpe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecological Applications"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-015-0156-x","article-title":"Improving inferences about functional connectivity from animal translocation experiments","volume":"30","author":"MG Betts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landscape Ecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.2307\/1941368","article-title":"A determination of the energetic equivalence of the risk of predation","volume":"70","author":"MV Abrahams","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref30","first-page":"137","article-title":"The behavioral ecology of intermittent locomotion","volume":"41","author":"D Kramer","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Zoologist"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1071\/AN14428","article-title":"Temporal dynamics in the foraging decisions of large herbivores","volume":"55","author":"D Fortin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Animal Production Science"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.2981\/wlb.00121","article-title":"Understanding tradeoffs between food and predation risks in a specialist mammalian herbivore","volume":"22","author":"JL Utz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wildlife Biology"},{"issue":"916","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1086\/282454","article-title":"On optimal use of a patchy environment","volume":"100","author":"R MacArthur","year":"1966","journal-title":"American Naturalist"},{"issue":"916","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1086\/282455","article-title":"Role of time and energy in food preference","volume":"100","author":"J Emlen","year":"1966","journal-title":"American Naturalist"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-5809(76)90040-X","article-title":"Optimal foraging\u2014Marginal value theorem","volume":"9","author":"EL Charnov","year":"1976","journal-title":"Theoretical Population Biology"},{"issue":"4473","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1126\/science.210.4473.1041","article-title":"Optimal behavior\u2014Can foragers balance 2 conflicting demands","volume":"210","author":"A Sih","year":"1980","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00047272","article-title":"The value of fat reserves and the trade-off between starvation and predation","volume":"38","author":"J McNamara","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Biotheoretica"},{"issue":"1298","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1993.0123","article-title":"General results concerning the trade-off between gaining energy and avoiding predation","volume":"341","author":"A Houston","year":"1993","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.beheco.a000381","article-title":"State dependent behavior and the marginal value theorem","volume":"12","author":"P Nonacs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behavioral Ecology"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"ref40","first-page":"169","article-title":"Optimal foraging among competitors and predators: A state-dependent model incorporating game theory","volume":"50","author":"S Richards","year":"2004","journal-title":"Israel Journal of Zoology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2006.09.004","article-title":"Sequential decision-making in a variable environment: Modeling elk movement in Yellowstone National Park as a dynamic game","volume":"71","author":"EG Noonburg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theoretical Population Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1086\/320863","article-title":"The matrix matters: Effective isolation in fragmented landscapes","volume":"158","author":"T Ricketts","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Naturalist"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2656.2002.00595.x","article-title":"Movement parameters of ungulates and scale-specific responses to the environment","volume":"71","author":"C Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Ecology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1086\/424767","article-title":"Effects of matrix heterogeneity on animal dispersal: From individual behavior to metapopulation-level parameters","volume":"164","author":"E Revilla","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Naturalist"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2007.08.019","article-title":"Explaining movement decisions of forest rodents in fragmented landscapes","volume":"140","author":"CE Rizkalla","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biological Conservation"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2008.01526.x","article-title":"Thresholds in landscape connectivity and mortality risks in response to growing road networks","volume":"45","author":"JL Frair","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Ecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(96)81094-9","article-title":"Towards a behavioral ecology of ecological landscapes","volume":"11","author":"S Lima","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trends In Ecology & Evolution"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-007-9139-x","article-title":"The importance of functional connectivity in the conservation of a ground-dwelling mammal in an urban Australian landscape","volume":"22","author":"SI FitzGibbon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Landscape Ecology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1086\/587070","article-title":"An empirical test of a diffusion model: Predicting clouded apollo movements in a novel environment","volume":"171","author":"O Ovaskainen","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Naturalist"},{"article-title":"Models of Adaptive Behaviour","year":"1999","author":"AI Houston","key":"ref50"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1086\/691470","article-title":"Re-examining the causes and meaning of the risk allocation hypothesis","volume":"189","author":"B Luttbeg","year":"2017","journal-title":"The American Naturalist"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref52","first-page":"879","article-title":"Connectivity measures: a review","volume":"23","author":"P Kindlmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Landscape Ecology"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195122664.001.0001","article-title":"Dynamic State Variable Model in Ecology","author":"CW Clark","year":"2000"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2307\/2390572","article-title":"Optimal diet selection by a generalist grazing herbivore","volume":"9","author":"JA Newman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Functional Ecology"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1890\/03-0485","article-title":"Multi-tasking by mammalian herbivores: overlapping processes during foraging","volume":"85","author":"D Fortin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2004.00904.x","article-title":"Digestive bottleneck affects foraging decisions in red knots <italic>Calidris canutus<\/italic>. II. Patch choice and length of working day","volume":"74","author":"JA Van Gils","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Ecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.2307\/2265659","article-title":"The effect of landscape heterogeneity on the probability of patch colonization","volume":"77","author":"E Gustafson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2003.08.008","article-title":"Simulating dispersal of reintroduced species within heterogeneous landscapes","volume":"171","author":"RH Gardner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecological Modelling"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s13364-016-0290-0","article-title":"Hierarchical trade-offs between risk and reward mediated by behavior","volume":"62","author":"DR Visscher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mammal Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.2307\/3801180","article-title":"Energy expenditures for locomotion by Mule deer and Elk","volume":"48","author":"K Parker","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Management"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1997.0592","article-title":"Vigilance as a benefit of intermittent locomotion in small mammals","volume":"55","author":"A McAdam","year":"1998","journal-title":"Animal Behaviour"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00395696","article-title":"Patch Use as an Indicator of Habitat Preference, Predation Risk, and Competition","volume":"22","author":"JS Brown","year":"1988","journal-title":"Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2003.01491.x","article-title":"Scenario planning: a tool for conservation in an uncertain world","volume":"17","author":"GD Peterson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Conservation Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1023\/B:LAND.0000030666.55372.ae","article-title":"Using normative scenarios in landscape ecology","volume":"19","author":"JI Nassauer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Landscape Ecology"},{"article-title":"Wildlife Ecology","year":"1973","author":"AN Moen","key":"ref65"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.2307\/3544834","article-title":"Resource use, plant defenses, and optimal digestion in ruminants","volume":"68","author":"P Lundberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"article-title":"Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant","year":"1984","author":"PJ Van Soest","key":"ref67"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1890\/10-2222.1","article-title":"The effects of variable predation risk on foraging and growth: Less risk is not necessarily better","volume":"92","author":"GC Trussell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2656.2000.00391.x","article-title":"A state-dependent model of activity patterns in homing limpets: balancing energy returns and mortality risks under constraints on digestion","volume":"69","author":"M Burrows","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Ecology"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.02.110171.002101","article-title":"Theory of feeding strategies","volume":"2","author":"TW Schoener","year":"1971","journal-title":"Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/5.2.159","article-title":"Antipredator behavior and the asset-protection principle","volume":"5","author":"C Clark","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behavioral Ecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00168458","article-title":"Why don\u2019t bull moose eat during the rut","volume":"27","author":"DG Miquelle","year":"1990","journal-title":"Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1542(2000)081<0473:SSIDDA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Sexual segregation in dimorphic deer: A new gastrocentric hypothesis","volume":"81","author":"P Barboza","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Mammalogy"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1017\/S1464793101005814","article-title":"Sexual segregation in ungulates: a comparative test of three hypotheses","volume":"77","author":"K Ruckstuhl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biological Reviews"},{"issue":"1542","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2661","article-title":"Multiple causes of sexual segregation in European red deer: enlightenments from varying breeding phenology at high and low latitude","volume":"271","author":"C Bonenfant","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1890\/07-0645.1","article-title":"Reconciling competing ecological explanations for sexual segregation in ungulates","volume":"89","author":"MB Main","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-005-2075-8","article-title":"Scales of movement by elk (<italic>Cervus elaphus<\/italic>) in response to heterogeneity in forage resources and predation risk","volume":"20","author":"J Frair","year":"2005","journal-title":"Landscape Ecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.2307\/3545654","article-title":"Titrating food and safety in a heterogeneous environment: When are the risky and safe patches of equal value?","volume":"74","author":"B Kotler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2004.00661.x","article-title":"Hazardous duty pay and the foraging cost of predation","volume":"7","author":"J Brown","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref80","first-page":"803","article-title":"Improvement of deer habitat on southwestern forest lands","volume":"67","author":"HG Reynolds","year":"1969","journal-title":"Journal of Forestry"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2307\/4003809","article-title":"Fall grazing affects big game forage on rough fescue grasslands","volume":"56","author":"J Short","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Range Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2981\/0909-6396(2005)11[319:HIAEOB]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Habitat improvement and effects on brown hare <italic>Lepus europaeus<\/italic> and roe deer <italic>Capreolus capreolus<\/italic>: a case study in northern Italy","volume":"11","author":"M Genghini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Wildlife Biology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.2193\/0091-7648(2004)032[0739:WDFPIM]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"White-tailed deer forage production in managed and unmanaged pine stands and summer food plots in Mississippi","volume":"32","author":"S Edwards","year":"2004","journal-title":"Wildlife Society Bulletin"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-0248.2001.00254.x","article-title":"Attractive sinks, or how individual behavioural decisions determine source-sink dynamics","volume":"4","author":"M Delibes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2003.12192.x","article-title":"The role of habitat selection behavior in population dynamics: source-sink systems and ecological traps","volume":"103","author":"W Kristan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2006.00972.x","article-title":"The silver spoon effect and habitat selection by natal dispersers","volume":"9","author":"JA Stamps","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas92-074","article-title":"Catch-up growth of yearling wapiti stags (<italic>Cervus elaphus<\/italic>)","volume":"72","author":"S Wairimu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Animal Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.403","article-title":"Compensating for a bad start: Catch-up growth in juvenile lizards (<italic>Amphibolurus muricatus<\/italic>, Agamidae)","volume":"307A","author":"RS Radder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A-Ecological Genetics and Physiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e80065","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080065","article-title":"A spatially explicit model of functional connectivity for the endangered Przewalski\u2019s gazelle (<italic>Procapra przewalskii<\/italic>) in a patchy landscape","volume":"8","author":"C Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS one"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/wsb.741","article-title":"Human risk induced behavioral shifts in refuge use by elk in an agricultural matrix","volume":"41","author":"DR Visscher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wildlife Society Bulletin"},{"key":"ref91","article-title":"Benefits of the destinations, not the costs of the journeys, shape partial migration","author":"CB Yackulic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Ecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e94630","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094630","article-title":"Behavioral responses associated with a human-mediated predator shelter","volume":"9","author":"G Shannon","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0151748","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151748","article-title":"Wild ungulate decision-Making and the role of tiny refuges in human-dominated landscapes","volume":"11","author":"YC Krishna","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(88)90166-8","article-title":"Causes and consequences of migration by large herbivores","volume":"3","author":"J Fryxell","year":"1988","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3445","DOI":"10.1890\/08-2090.1","article-title":"Trade-offs between predation risk and forage differ between migrant strategies in a migratory ungulate","volume":"90","author":"M Hebblewhite","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"issue":"1453","key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1187","article-title":"Nonlinearity in the predation risk of prey mobility","volume":"267","author":"P Banks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0030-1299.2004.12976.x","article-title":"Foraging costs of vigilance in large mammalian herbivores","volume":"107","author":"D Fortin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2013.02.004","article-title":"Foraging\u2013vigilance trade-offs in a partially migratory population: comparing migrants and residents on a sympatric range","volume":"85","author":"BG Robinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Animal Behaviour"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2009.06.026","article-title":"Group-size-dependent association between food profitability, predation risk and distribution of free-ranging bison","volume":"78","author":"D Fortin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Animal Behaviour"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2003.2217","article-title":"Predation risk, gender and the group size effect: does elk vigilance depend upon the behaviour of conspecifics?","volume":"66","author":"M Childress","year":"2003","journal-title":"Animal Behaviour"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2006.07.007","article-title":"Sex-specific behavioural responses of elk to spatial and temporal variation in the threat of wolf predation","volume":"73","author":"J Winnie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Animal Behaviour"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arm116","article-title":"What best explains vigilance in elk: characteristics of prey, predators, or the environment?","volume":"19","author":"S Liley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behavioral Ecology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2008.01409.x","article-title":"Trade-offs of predation and foraging explain sexual segregation in African buffalo","volume":"77","author":"CT Hay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Ecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-01293-100131","article-title":"Predator-resembling aversive conditioning for managing habituated wildlife","volume":"10","author":"EL Kloppers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecology and Society"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1890\/04-1269","article-title":"Human activity mediates a trophic cascade caused by wolves","volume":"86","author":"M Hebblewhite","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-04251-160316","article-title":"Human activity differentially redistributes large mammals in the Canadian Rockies National Parks","volume":"16","author":"JK Rogala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecology and Society"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2016.02.007","article-title":"Behavioural syndromes predict loss of migration in wild elk","volume":"115","author":"R Found","year":"2016","journal-title":"Animal Behaviour"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1644\/08-MAMM-A-181.1","article-title":"Sex-specific responses of North American elk to habitat manipulation","volume":"90","author":"RA Long","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Mammalogy"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.2193\/0022-541X(2006)70[1601:IRSADS]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Interpreting resource selection at different scales for woodland caribou in winter","volume":"70","author":"DD Gustine","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Management"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1644\/06-MAMM-A-351R.1","article-title":"Predation risk as a factor affecting sexual segregation in alpine ibex","volume":"88","author":"S Grignolio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Mammalogy"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2015.01.011","article-title":"Coupling scale-specific habitat selection and activity reveals sex-specific food\/cover trade-offs in a large herbivore","volume":"102","author":"P Marchand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Animal Behaviour"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2005.0906-7590.04263.x","article-title":"Linking moose habitat selection to limiting factors","volume":"28","author":"C Dussault","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-013-2647-2","article-title":"Temporal variation in site fidelity: scale-dependent effects of forage abundance and predation risk in a non-migratory large herbivore","volume":"173","author":"F van Beest","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12628","article-title":"Prey state alters trait-mediated indirect interactions in rocky tidepools","volume":"30","author":"SA Gravem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Functional Ecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arh037","article-title":"The cost of dispersal: predation as a function of movement and site familiarity in ruffed grouse","volume":"15","author":"J Yoder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behavioral Ecology"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2000)081[3509:EOFAPO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Effect of food and predators on the activity of four larval ranid frogs","volume":"81","author":"B Anholt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2015.12.003","article-title":"Hunting intensity alters movement behaviour of white-tailed deer","volume":"17","author":"AR Little","year":"2016","journal-title":"Basic and Applied Ecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.2307\/1383098","article-title":"Influence of habitat on behavior of Townsend\u2019s ground squirrels (<italic>Spermophilus townsendii<\/italic>)","volume":"79","author":"P Sharpe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Mammalogy"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1890\/1051-0761(2003)013[0543:TUOSDP]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The use of stochastic dynamic programming in optimal landscape reconstruction for metapopulations","volume":"13","author":"M Westphal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ecological Applications"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.2307\/3546591","article-title":"Individuals on the landscape: behavior can mitigate landscape differences among habitats","volume":"80","author":"B Roitberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2003.12418.x","article-title":"Population consequences of movement decisions in a patchy landscape","volume":"103","author":"R Russell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1997.96151.x","article-title":"Assessing the data requirements of spatially explicit dispersal models","volume":"11","author":"M Ruckelshaus","year":"1997","journal-title":"Conservation Biology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2006)87[1189:FIATSE]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Foraging in a tidally structured environment by red knots (<italic>Calidris canutus<\/italic>): Ideal, but not free","volume":"87","author":"J van Gils","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2008.01381.x","article-title":"The consequences of climate-driven stop-over sites changes on migration schedules and fitness of Arctic geese","volume":"77","author":"S Bauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Ecology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1890\/09-1281.1","article-title":"Many routes lead to Rome: potential causes for the multi-route migration system of Red Knots, <italic>Calidris canutus islandica<\/italic>","volume":"91","author":"S Bauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12054","article-title":"Mechanistic models of animal migration behaviour\u2013their diversity, structure and use","volume":"82","author":"S Bauer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Ecology"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0199671","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,7]],"date-time":"2024-07-07T18:58:38Z","timestamp":1720378718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0199671"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mathew S.","family":"Crowther","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,26]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0199671","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,26]]}}}