{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:52:38Z","timestamp":1792788758999,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]],"date-time":"2018-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctorate Fellowship","award":["Specific Grant Agreement 2015-1595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Specific Grant Agreement 2015-1595"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]],"date-time":"2018-07-02T13:50:51Z","timestamp":1530539451000},"page":"e0199977","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Patients experiences of self-management and strategies for dealing with chronic conditions in rural Malawi"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7554-6265","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vibian","family":"Angwenyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolien","family":"Aantjes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murphy","family":"Kajumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeroen","family":"De Man","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Criel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joske","family":"Bunders-Aelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Government of Malawi. Health Sector Strategic Plan II 2017\u20132022: Towards universal health coverage. Lilongwe\u2014Malawi: Ministry of Health; 2017. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.health.gov.mw\/index.php\/policies-strategies?download=47:hssp-ii-final\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.health.gov.mw\/index.php\/policies-strategies?download=47:hssp-ii-final<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Noncommunicable diseases country profile\u2014Malawi 2014. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/nmh\/countries\/mwi_en.pdf?ua=1\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/nmh\/countries\/mwi_en.pdf?ua=1<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Malawi Ministry of Health. Malawi Population-Based HIV Impact Assesment 2015\u201316. 2016. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/phia.icap.columbia.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/MALAWI-Factsheet.FIN_.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/phia.icap.columbia.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/MALAWI-Factsheet.FIN_.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20316","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020316","article-title":"The burden of selected chronic non-communicable diseases and their risk factors in Malawi: nationwide STEPS survey","volume":"6","author":"KP Msyamboza","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9867","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60063-X","article-title":"Improving responsiveness of health systems to non-communicable diseases","volume":"381","author":"R Atun","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2011.552068","article-title":"Why reinvent the wheel? Leveraging the lessons of HIV scale-up to confront non-communicable diseases","volume":"6","author":"M Rabkin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Global Public Health"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Innovative care for chronic conditions: building blocks for actions: Global report. 2002. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/chp\/knowledge\/publications\/icccglobalreport.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/chp\/knowledge\/publications\/icccglobalreport.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.20.6.64","article-title":"Improving Chronic Illness Care: Translating Evidence Into Action","volume":"20","author":"EH Wagner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.19.2469","article-title":"Patient self-management of chronic disease in primary care","volume":"288","author":"T Bodenheimer","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref10","first-page":"255","article-title":"Delineation of Self-Care and Associated Concepts","volume":"43","author":"AA Richard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing Scholarship"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324796ABM2601_01","article-title":"Self-Management Education: History, Definition, Outcomes, and Mechanisms","volume":"26","author":"K Lorig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annals of Behavioural Medicine"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6868-5","article-title":"Self-efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment: Theory, research, and application","author":"JE Maddux","year":"1995"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.12902","article-title":"A metasynthesis of factors affecting self\u2010management of chronic illness","volume":"72","author":"D Schulman\u2010Green","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of advanced nursing"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-13-117","article-title":"Is Europe putting theory into practice? A qualitative study of the level of self-management support in chronic care management approaches","volume":"13","author":"A Elissen","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.5430\/ijh.v1n1p21","article-title":"Integration of HIV\/AIDS and noncommunicable diseases in developing countries: rationale, policies and models","volume":"1","author":"TN Haregu","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Healthcare"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/349312","article-title":"Management of chronic diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: cross-fertilisation between HIV\/AIDS and diabetes care","volume":"2012","author":"J van Olmen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of tropical medicine"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Integrating cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and diabetes with HIV services: a systematic review","author":"V Haldane","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS care"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.019075","article-title":"Chronic noncommunicable diseases and HIV-AIDS on a collision course: relevance for health care delivery, particularly in low-resource settings\u2014insights from South Africa","volume":"94","author":"NS Levitt","year":"2011","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.18.1.19984","article-title":"Implementation of community-based adherence clubs for stable antiretroviral therapy patients in Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"18","author":"A Grimsrud","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56088","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056088","article-title":"Effectiveness of patient adherence groups as a model of care for stable patients on antiretroviral therapy in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"8","author":"MA Luque-Fernandez","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref21","first-page":"270","article-title":"Leveraging HIV platforms to work toward comprehensive primary care in rural Malawi: the Integrated Chronic Care Clinic","volume":"3","author":"EB Wroe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Healthcare (Amsterdam, Netherlands)"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"Masanjala W, Kajumi M. Multi country research on community caregivers: the backbone of accessible care and support\u2014Malawi report. 2013. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.cordaid.org\/media\/medialibrary\/2013\/09\/Malawi_CAN_Report_26_July2013_2.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.cordaid.org\/media\/medialibrary\/2013\/09\/Malawi_CAN_Report_26_July2013_2.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-12-140","article-title":"Involving expert patients in antiretroviral treatment provision in a tertiary referral hospital HIV clinic in Malawi","volume":"12","author":"L Tenthani","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC health services research"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12332","article-title":"Community-supported models of care for people on HIV treatment in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"19","author":"M Bemelmans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tropical medicine & international health: TM & IH"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"National Community Home Based Care Policy and Guidelines","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-014-0085-5","article-title":"Integration of community home based care programmes within national primary health care revitalisation strategies in Ethiopia, Malawi, South-Africa and Zambia: a comparative assessment","volume":"10","author":"C Aantjes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Globalization and health"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/749718","article-title":"Are expert patients an untapped resource for ART provision in sub-Saharan Africa?","volume":"2012","author":"T Decroo","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS research and treatment"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0147896","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147896","article-title":"Finding meaning: HIV self-management and wellbeing among people taking antiretroviral therapy in Uganda","volume":"11","author":"S Russell","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-015-0969-y","article-title":"A qualitative study of the experiences of care and motivation for effective self-management among diabetic and hypertensive patients attending public sector primary health care services in South Africa","volume":"15","author":"K Murphy","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC health services research"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-016-0345-5","article-title":"\u201cI don\u2019t have options but to persevere.\u201d Experiences and practices of care for HIV and diabetes in rural Tanzania: a qualitative study of patients and family caregivers","volume":"15","author":"MN Mwangome","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/07370016.2017.1260983","article-title":"Self-Management Support Needs of Patients with Chronic Diseases in a South African Township: A Qualitative Study","volume":"34","author":"L Dube","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of community health nursing"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2013.0254","article-title":"Tasks and strategies of self-management of living with antiretroviral therapy in Uganda","volume":"27","author":"F Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"Malawi Ministry of Health. Phalombe Distrct Health Sector Multi-year Plan 2013\u20132016. 2013."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref34","first-page":"39","article-title":"Materialism and ethnicity: the rise of Lomwe ethnic consciousness in Malawi, 1890\u20132010","volume":"66","author":"GW Kayira","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Society of Malawi Journal"},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"Lorig K, Laurent D. Primer for evaluating outcomes: Self-Management Resource Centre; 2007. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.selfmanagementresource.com\/docs\/pdfs\/primer_2017.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.selfmanagementresource.com\/docs\/pdfs\/primer_2017.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"SMRC. Self Management Resource Centre\u2014English Evaluation Tools. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.selfmanagementresource.com\/resources\/evaluation-tools\/english-evaluation-tools\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.selfmanagementresource.com\/resources\/evaluation-tools\/english-evaluation-tools<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"Qualitative Methods for Health Research","author":"J Green","year":"2004"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2014.01.007","article-title":"A systematic review of the literature on self-management interventions and discussion of their potential relevance for people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"95","author":"CJ Aantjes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Patient education and counseling"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200111000-00008","article-title":"Chronic disease self-management program: 2-year health status and health care utilization outcomes","volume":"39","author":"KR Lorig","year":"2001","journal-title":"Medical care"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"173","article-title":"Analysing Qualitative Data","author":"J Ritchie","year":"1994"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.15.166074","article-title":"Scaling-up antiretroviral therapy in Malawi","volume":"94","author":"A Jahn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-14-234","article-title":"Gaps in universal health coverage in Malawi: a qualitative study in rural communities","volume":"14","author":"GA Abiiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC health services research"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0199977","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T08:31:33Z","timestamp":1540283493000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0199977"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Van Bogaert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0199977","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]]}}}