{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T01:04:14Z","timestamp":1793667854662,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]],"date-time":"2018-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fonden til fremme af kiropraktisk forskning og postgraduat uddannelse","award":["26846\/13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26846\/13"]}]},{"name":"Fonden til fremme af kiropraktisk forskning og postgraduat uddannelse","award":["48074\/12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["48074\/12"]}]},{"name":"Et liv i bevegelse","award":["Org-nr. 89777146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Org-nr. 89777146"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]],"date-time":"2018-08-01T13:33:56Z","timestamp":1533130436000},"page":"e0200677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":148,"title":["Modic changes\u2014Their associations with low back pain and activity limitation: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Christofer","family":"Herlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Kjaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ansgar","family":"Espeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Sture","family":"Skouen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Leboeuf-Yde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaro","family":"Karppinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaakko","family":"Niinim\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan Solgaard","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kjersti","family":"Storheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7456-4306","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tue Secher","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"13","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199607010-00005","article-title":"How common is low back pain in the Nordic population? Data from a recent study on a middle-aged general Danish population and four surveys previously conducted in the Nordic countries","volume":"21","author":"C Leboeuf-Yde","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"9995","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60692-4","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990\u20132013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"386","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-006-1071-2","article-title":"Chapter 3. European guidelines for the management of acute nonspecific low back pain in primary care","volume":"15","author":"M van Tulder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000193898.14803.8a","article-title":"An examination of the reliability of a classification algorithm for subgrouping patients with low back pain","volume":"31","author":"JM Fritz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1067\/mmt.2001.112009","article-title":"Low back pain: Time to get off the treadmill","volume":"24","author":"C Leboeuf-Yde","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(14)60100-8","article-title":"Inter-tester reliability of a new diagnostic classification system for patients with non-specific low back pain","volume":"50","author":"T Petersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aust J Physiother"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4498","article-title":"MRI Findings of Disc Degeneration are More Prevalent in Adults with Low Back Pain than in Asymptomatic Controls: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"36","author":"W Brinjikji","year":"2015","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"21 Suppl","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31822ef700","article-title":"Degenerative magnetic resonance imaging changes in patients with chronic low back pain: a systematic review","volume":"36","author":"D Chou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.05.014","article-title":"Modic changes, possible causes and relation to low back pain","volume":"70","author":"HB Albert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.149.3.531","article-title":"MR imaging of marrow changes adjacent to end plates in degenerative lumbar disk disease","volume":"149","author":"A De Roos","year":"1987","journal-title":"American Journal of Roentgenology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.168.1.3289089","article-title":"Imaging of degenerative disk disease","volume":"168","author":"MT Modic","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.166.1.3336678","article-title":"Degenerative disk disease: assessment of changes in vertebral body marrow with MR imaging","volume":"166","author":"MT Modic","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000215027.87102.7c","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-immunoreactive cells and PGP 9.5-immunoreactive nerve fibers in vertebral endplates of patients with discogenic low back Pain and Modic Type 1 or Type 2 changes on MRI","volume":"31","author":"S Ohtori","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.76B5.8083266","article-title":"Vertebral bone-marrow changes in degenerative lumbar disc disease. An MRI study of 74 patients with low back pain","volume":"76","author":"T Toyone","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318257ffce","article-title":"Lumbar modic changes-a comparison between findings at low- and high-field magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"37","author":"T Bendix","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-008-0770-2","article-title":"Vertebral endplate signal changes (Modic change): a systematic literature review of prevalence and association with non-specific low back pain","volume":"17","author":"TS Jensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-008-0758-y","article-title":"Modic changes: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"17","author":"YH Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-013-2674-z","article-title":"Does nuclear tissue infected with bacteria following disc herniations lead to Modic changes in the adjacent vertebrae?","volume":"22","author":"HB Albert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-013-2675-y","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain and vertebral bone edema (Modic type 1 changes): a double-blind randomized clinical controlled trial of efficacy","volume":"22","author":"HB Albert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-013-2979-y","article-title":"Letter to the editor concerning: &quot;Antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain and vertebral bone edema (Modic type 1 changes): a double-blind randomized controlled trial of efficacy&quot; by Albert HB et al. Eur Spine J (2013) 22:697\u2013707","volume":"22","author":"Z Ahmad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-013-2900-8","article-title":"Do these results apply to the &apos;intervention naive&apos; patient?","volume":"22","author":"BJ Dean","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-013-2899-x","article-title":"No conflict of interest?","volume":"22","author":"BJ Dean","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Laurance J. &apos;The stuff of Nobel prizes&apos;: Half a million sufferers of back pain &apos;could be cured with antibiotics&apos; [Online News Article]. The Independent; 2013 [updated May 7th; cited 2016 February 4th]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/life-style\/health-and-families\/health-news\/the-stuff-of-nobel-prizes-half-a-million-sufferers-of-back-pain-could-be-cured-with-antibiotics-8606340.html\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/life-style\/health-and-families\/health-news\/the-stuff-of-nobel-prizes-half-a-million-sufferers-of-back-pain-could-be-cured-with-antibiotics-8606340.html<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-013-2977-0","article-title":"Antibiotics for low back pain?","volume":"23","author":"S Lings","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Sample I. Antibiotics could cure 40% of chronic back pain patients [Online News Article]. The Guardian; 2013 [updated May 7th; cited February 4th 2016]. Online:[Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/society\/2013\/may\/07\/antibiotics-cure-back-pain-patients\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/society\/2013\/may\/07\/antibiotics-cure-back-pain-patients<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"8","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-013-2898-y","article-title":"Letter to the editor concerning: &quot;Antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain and vertebral bone edema (Modic type 1 changes): a double-blind randomized controlled trial of efficacy&quot; by Albert HB et al. Eur Spine J (2013) 22:697\u2013707","volume":"22","author":"A Sotto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E211","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e318269851a","article-title":"Bacteriology of degenerated lumbar intervertebral disks","volume":"25","author":"J Arndt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4396-5","article-title":"Prospective study using anterior approach did not show association between Modic 1 changes and low grade infection in lumbar spine","volume":"25","author":"J Rigal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"9273","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)05109-6","article-title":"Association between sciatica and Propionibacterium acnes","volume":"357","author":"A Stirling","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000261561.12944.ff","article-title":"Modic changes in endplates of lumbar vertebral bodies: prevalence and association with low back and sciatic pain among middle-aged male workers","volume":"32","author":"M Kuisma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Version 09","author":"P DC Bossuyt","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Chapter 13: Including non-randomized studies. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 510 (updated March 2011)","author":"JPT DJ Higgins","year":"2011"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009","article-title":"QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies","volume":"155","author":"PF Whiting","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Chapter 16: Special topics in statistics. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 510 (updated March 2011)","author":"JPT DJ Higgins","year":"2011"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-005-0032-3","article-title":"Back pain and degenerative abnormalities in the spine of young elite divers: a 5-year follow-up magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"14","author":"A Baranto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200105150-00014","article-title":"The Longitudinal Assessment of Imaging and Disability of the Back (LAIDBack) Study: baseline data","volume":"26","author":"JJ Jarvik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2004.05.250","article-title":"Discographic, MRI and psychosocial determinants of low back pain disability and remission: a prospective study in subjects with benign persistent back pain","volume":"5","author":"EJ Carragee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-015-0827-4","article-title":"Back pain was less explained than leg pain: a cross-sectional study using magnetic resonance imaging in low back pain patients with and without radiculopathy","volume":"16","author":"OK Jensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2012.36.5.648","article-title":"Effect of intradiscal monopolar pulsed radiofrequency on chronic discogenic back pain diagnosed by pressure-controlled provocative discography: a one year prospective study","volume":"36","author":"YJ Jung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.5.SPINE08675","article-title":"Cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging study of lumbar disc degeneration in 200 healthy individuals","volume":"11","author":"M Kanayama","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery Spine"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000157424.72598.ec","article-title":"An epidemiologic study of MRI and low back pain in 13-year-old children","volume":"30","author":"P Kjaer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000232802.95773.89","article-title":"Are &quot;structural abnormalities&quot; on magnetic resonance imaging a contraindication to the successful conservative treatment of chronic nonspecific low back pain?","volume":"31","author":"F Kleinstuck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509336927","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging findings of the lumbar spine in elite horseback riders: correlations with back pain, body mass index, trunk\/leg-length coefficient, and riding discipline","volume":"37","author":"CN Kraft","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2015.9.2.254","article-title":"Neuropathic pain in elderly patients with chronic low back painand effects of pregabalin: a preliminary study","volume":"9","author":"Y Sakai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Spine J"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-200010000-00012","article-title":"Association between findings of provocative discography and vertebral endplate signal changes as seen on MRI","volume":"13","author":"HS Sandhu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref46","first-page":"213","article-title":"Correlation research on the MRI quantity of lumbar modic changes and low back pain","volume":"27","author":"XD Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zhongguo gu shang = China journal of orthopaedics and traumatology"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001315","article-title":"Bone Marrow Edema and Low Back Pain in Elderly Degenerative Lumbar Scoliosis: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"41","author":"T Nakamae","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2014.06.008","article-title":"Are Modic changes related to outcomes in lumbar disc herniation patients treated with imaging-guided lumbar nerve root blocks?","volume":"83","author":"CK Peterson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-014-1928-0","article-title":"The association between Modic changes and pain during 1-year follow-up in patients with lumbar radicular pain","volume":"43","author":"EI Schistad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-015-0688-x","article-title":"Are the presence of MODIC changes on MRI scans related to &quot;improvement&quot; in low back pain patients treated with lumbar facet joint injections?","volume":"16","author":"M Bianchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2016.02.012","article-title":"Comparison of Outcomes in MRI Confirmed Lumbar Disc Herniation Patients With and Without Modic Changes Treated With High Velocity, Low Amplitude Spinal Manipulation","volume":"39","author":"M Annen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860050091","article-title":"Vertebral end-plate (Modic) changes on lumbar spine MRI: correlation with pain reproduction at lumbar discography","volume":"7","author":"I Braithwaite","year":"1998","journal-title":"European Spine Journal"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199806010-00016","article-title":"Predictive signs of discogenic lumbar pain on magnetic resonance imaging with discography correlation","volume":"23","author":"M Ito","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.218.2.r01fe15420","article-title":"Painful Lumbar Disk Derangement: Relevance of Endplate Abnormalities at MR Imaging","volume":"218","author":"D Weishaupt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200210150-00017","article-title":"Endplate degeneration observed on magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine: correlation with pain provocation and disc changes observed on computed tomography diskography","volume":"27","author":"SM Kokkonen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2004.05.014","article-title":"Discogenic lumbar pain: association with MR imaging and CT discography","volume":"54","author":"CH Lim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref57","first-page":"311","article-title":"Accuracy of MRI for diagnosis of discogenic pain","volume":"11","author":"C O'Neill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-009-0709-7","article-title":"Can magnetic resonance imaging accurately predict concordant pain provocation during provocative disc injection?","volume":"38","author":"CH Kang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2503080474","article-title":"Modic changes on MR images as studied with provocative diskography: Clinical relevance-A retrospective study of 2457 disks","volume":"250","author":"KJ Thompson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181fb2203","article-title":"Correlation between MR imaging and discography with provocative concordant pain in patients with low back pain","volume":"27","author":"JY Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000162396.97739.76","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging and low back pain in adults: a diagnostic imaging study of 40-year-old men and women","volume":"30","author":"P Kjaer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182443855","article-title":"Association of modic changes, Schmorl&apos;s nodes, spondylolytic defects, high-intensity zone lesions, disc herniations, and radial tears with low back symptom severity among young Finnish adults","volume":"37","author":"J Takatalo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine (03622436)"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref63","first-page":"218","article-title":"Radiological abnormalities and low back pain in gymnasts","volume":"34","author":"K Koyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2015.09.060","article-title":"Modic changes of the lumbar spine: prevalence, risk factors, and association with disc degeneration and low back pain in a large-scale population-based cohort","volume":"16","author":"FP Mok","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000937","article-title":"ISSLS Prize Winner: Vertebral Endplate (Modic) Change is an Independent Risk Factor for Episodes of Severe and Disabling Low Back Pain","volume":"40","author":"JH Maatta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.11.012","article-title":"The association of combination of disc degeneration, end plate signal change, and Schmorl node with low back pain in a large population study: the Wakayama Spine Study","volume":"15","author":"M Teraguchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"22","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3495","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003495","article-title":"Refined Phenotyping of Modic Changes: Imaging Biomarkers of Prolonged Severe Low Back Pain and Disability","volume":"95","author":"JH Maatta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22985","article-title":"High-sensitivity C-reactive protein in chronic low back pain with vertebral end-plate Modic signal changes","volume":"57","author":"F Rannou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref69","first-page":"73","article-title":"Abnormal lumbar magnetic resonance imaging in asymptomatic individuals","volume":"55","author":"F Acar Sivas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Turkiye Fiziksel Tip ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-1955-7","article-title":"MRI findings are more common in selected patients with acute low back pain than controls?","volume":"21","author":"M Hancock","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3087","article-title":"Vertebral endplate changes are not associated with chronic low back pain among Southern European subjects: a case control study","volume":"33","author":"FM Kovacs","year":"2012","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e114993","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114993","article-title":"Comparison of modic changes in the lumbar and cervical spine, in 3167 patients with and without spinal pain","volume":"9","author":"L Sheng-yun","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1080\/02841850701422112","article-title":"Intra- and interobserver reproducibility of vertebral endplate signal (modic) changes in the lumbar spine: the Nordic Modic Consensus Group classification","volume":"48","author":"TS Jensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/02841850902838074","article-title":"Agreement in the interpretation of magnetic resonance images of the lumbar spine","volume":"50","author":"FM Kovacs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2007\/10\/147","article-title":"Systematic review of discography as a diagnostic test for spinal pain: an update","volume":"10","author":"RM Buenaventura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"25","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1575","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000435141.61593.05","article-title":"In vivo discography in degenerate porcine spines revealed pressure transfer to adjacent discs","volume":"38","author":"H Hebelka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref77","article-title":"Pressure Increase in Adjacent Discs During Clinical Discography, Questions the Methods Validity","author":"H Hebelka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-012-2309-9","article-title":"Is the development of Modic changes associated with clinical symptoms? A 14-month cohort study with MRI","volume":"21","author":"RK Jensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-10-81","article-title":"Characteristics and natural course of vertebral endplate signal (Modic) changes in the Danish general population","volume":"10","author":"TS Jensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000224167.18483.14","article-title":"A three-year follow-up of lumbar spine endplate (Modic) changes","volume":"31","author":"M Kuisma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref81","first-page":"632","article-title":"1987 Volvo award in clinical sciences. A new clinical model for the treatment of low-back pain","volume":"12","author":"G Waddell","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-14-198","article-title":"Can pathoanatomical pathways of degeneration in lumbar motion segments be identified by clustering MRI findings","volume":"14","author":"RK Jensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-015-0540-3","article-title":"Association between changes in lumbar Modic changes and low back symptoms over a two-year period","volume":"16","author":"J Jarvinen","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-11-151","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of the lumbar spine on facet joint force and intradiscal pressure\u2014a finite element study","volume":"11","author":"CS Kuo","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91009","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4024828","article-title":"Marcolongo MS. A comparison of the human lumbar intervertebral disc mechanical response to normal and impact loading conditions","volume":"135","author":"Jamison Dt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-9-5","article-title":"Self-reported hard physical work combined with heavy smoking or overweight may result in so-called Modic changes","volume":"9","author":"C Leboeuf-Yde","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"23","key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31825bfb85","article-title":"Prevalence of vertebral endplate modic changes in degenerative lumbar scoliosis and its associated factors analysis","volume":"37","author":"HL Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref88","article-title":"Chapter 6: Developing Criteria for Including Studies. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Version 04","author":"PM LM Bossuyt","year":"2008"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E987","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001526","article-title":"Type II Modic Changes May not Always Represent Fat Degeneration: A Study Using MR Fat Suppression Sequence","volume":"41","author":"Z Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0200677","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]],"date-time":"2022-08-28T12:25:29Z","timestamp":1661689529000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0200677"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Grasso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0200677","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]}}}