{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:35:28Z","timestamp":1792802128927,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]],"date-time":"2018-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pingtung Christian Hospital, Taiwan","award":["PS-IR-104001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PS-IR-104001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04bnbsh26","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Pingtung Christian Hospital, Taiwan","award":["PS-IR-105001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PS-IR-105001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04bnbsh26","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]],"date-time":"2018-11-29T13:57:54Z","timestamp":1543499874000},"page":"e0200858","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) in Malawi: Implementation gaps and challenges for timely alert"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6155-9340","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tsung-Shu","family":"Joseph Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Kagoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens Johan","family":"Kaasb\u00f8ll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunnar Aksel","family":"Bjune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.su6503a6","article-title":"Ebola Surveillance\u2014Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone","volume":"65","author":"LA McNamara","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Suppl"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-9957-3-29","article-title":"Need of surveillance response systems to combat Ebola outbreaks and other emerging infectious diseases in African countries","volume":"3","author":"E Tambo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411100","article-title":"Ebola virus disease in West Africa\u2014the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections","volume":"371","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1409858","article-title":"The international Ebola emergency","volume":"371","author":"S Briand","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1404505","article-title":"Emergence of Zaire Ebola virus disease in Guinea","volume":"371","author":"S Baize","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"WHO. Ebola Situation Reports 2016. Available from: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/ebola\/ebola-situation-reports<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"10","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E301","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.109-5081","article-title":"Ebola lessons guide International Health Regulations review","volume":"187","author":"C. Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"WHO. New Ebola outbreak declared in Democratic Republic of the Congo 2018. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/detail\/08-05-2018-new-ebola-outbreak-declared-in-democratic-republic-of-the-congo<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1513109","article-title":"After Ebola in West Africa\u2014Unpredictable Risks, Preventable Epidemics","volume":"375","author":"J Agua-Agum","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref10","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref11","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czt097","article-title":"Challenges with the implementation of an Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) system: systematic review of the lessons learned","volume":"30","author":"RK Phalkey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health policy and planning"},{"key":"ref13","year":"2016"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1208802","article-title":"Pandemic preparedness and response\u2014lessons from the H1N1 influenza of 2009","volume":"370","author":"HV Fineberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2013.0032","article-title":"IDSR as a platform for implementing IHR in African countries","volume":"11","author":"F Kasolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosecur Bioterror"},{"key":"ref16","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Ministry of Health M. Technical Guidelines for Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response in Malawi - 3rd edition. In: Department E, editor. Lilongwe2014. p. 377."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1397-y","article-title":"Evaluation of the integrated disease surveillance and response system for infectious diseases control in northern Ghana","volume":"15","author":"MN Adokiya","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1080\/17441690903334943","article-title":"Implementing Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response: Four African countries' experience, 1998\u20132005","volume":"5","author":"P Nsubuga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Global public health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czs022","article-title":"The implementation of Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response in Uganda: a review of progress and challenges between 2001 and 2007","volume":"28","author":"L Lukwago","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health policy and planning"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Malawi NSOo. Malawi Statistical Yearbook. Zomba, Malawi2015."},{"key":"ref22","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Ministry of Health M. Malawi National Health Information System Policy. Lilongwe, Malawi2015."},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"K4health. Malawi's Health Surveillance Agent Program. Available from: https:\/\/www.k4health.org\/toolkits\/country-experiences-chw-programs\/malawis-health-surveillance-agent-program<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Ministry of Health M, ICF International U. Malawi Service Provision Assessment 2013\u201314. 2014."},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"CDC. Innovative Electronic Medical Record System Expands in Malawi 2014. Available from: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/globalaids\/success-stories\/innovativemalawi.html<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Programmee HIS. DHIS2. Available from: https:\/\/www.dhis2.org\/<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11577-017-0454-1","article-title":"How to Construct a Mixed Methods Research Design","volume":"69","author":"J Schoonenboom","year":"2017","journal-title":"KZfSS K\u00f6lner Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie"},{"issue":"RR-13","key":"ref29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Updated guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems: recommendations from the Guidelines Working Group","volume":"50","author":"RR German","year":"2001","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000639","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000639","article-title":"Verbal autopsy in health policy and systems: a literature review","volume":"3","author":"LM Thomas","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Monitoring and evaluation of integrated disease surveillance and response in selected districts in Tanzania","volume":"9","author":"SF Rumisha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tanzania health research bulletin"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Using mobile technology to optimize disease surveillance and healthcare delivery at mass gatherings: a case study from India's Kumbh Mela","author":"DS Kazi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf)."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002002","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002002","article-title":"Mobile Phones As Surveillance Tools: Implementing and Evaluating a Large-Scale Intersectoral Surveillance System for Rabies in Tanzania","volume":"13","author":"Z Mtema","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-15-00207","article-title":"Introduction of Mobile Health Tools to Support Ebola Surveillance and Contact Tracing in Guinea","volume":"3","author":"JA Sacks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob Health Sci Pract"},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"Luba PASCOE, Juma LUNGO, Jens KAASB\u00d8LL, KOLELENI I. Collecting Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response Data through Mobile Phones. IST-Africa 2012 Conference2012."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v81i2.737","article-title":"Mobile technologies for disease surveillance in humans and animals","volume":"81","author":"M Mwabukusi","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"Tanzania: Integrated Health Information Architecture","author":"H. Tanzania","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0735-y","article-title":"Enhanced surveillance and data feedback loop associated with improved malaria data in Lusaka","volume":"14","author":"Z Chisha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zambia. Malaria journal"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11559","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph111111559","article-title":"Mobile phone-based mHealth approaches for public health surveillance in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"J Brinkel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moyo C, Nkhonjera T, Kaasb\u00f8ll J, editors. Assessing the use of mobile technology to improve timeliness of HMIS reports in Malawi. IST-Africa Conference, 2015; 2015: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISTAFRICA.2015.7190573"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.826","article-title":"Integration and collaboration in public health\u2014a conceptual framework","volume":"21","author":"R Axelsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"The International journal of health planning and management"},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Alliance GHW, WHO. Global Experience of Community Health Workers for Delivery of Health Related Millennium Development Goals: A Systematic Review, Country Case Studies, and Recommendations for Integration into National Health Systems2010."},{"issue":"9696","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61377-5","article-title":"How to maintain surveillance for novel influenza A H1N1 when there are too many cases to count","volume":"374","author":"M Lipsitch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-18","article-title":"Establishing a nationwide emergency department-based syndromic surveillance system for better public health responses in Taiwan","volume":"8","author":"TS Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref45","first-page":"50","article-title":"Guam's influenza epidemic(s) of 2009","volume":"69","author":"RL Haddock","journal-title":"Hawaii medical journal"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-1-9","article-title":"Using automated medical records for rapid identification of illness syndromes (syndromic surveillance): the example of lower respiratory infection","volume":"1","author":"R Lazarus","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1505.081174","article-title":"Real-time surveillance for respiratory disease outbreaks, Ontario, Canada","volume":"15","author":"A van-Dijk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerging infectious diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e72","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050072","article-title":"Syndromic surveillance: adapting innovations to developing settings","volume":"5","author":"JP Chretien","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000319","article-title":"Using touchscreen electronic medical record systems to support and monitor national scale-up of antiretroviral therapy in Malawi","volume":"7","author":"GP Douglas","journal-title":"PLoS medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-684X-12-31","article-title":"Novel open-source electronic medical records system for palliative care in low-resource settings","volume":"12","author":"KG Shah","journal-title":"BMC palliative care"},{"key":"ref51","unstructured":"Ministry of Health M. Health Information Systems Strategic Plan (2011\u20132016). 2013."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0200858","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T18:33:40Z","timestamp":1588962820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0200858"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Olalekan","family":"Uthman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0200858","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/363713","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]]}}}