{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T16:42:33Z","timestamp":1775666553129,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]],"date-time":"2018-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]],"date-time":"2018-07-19T14:24:37Z","timestamp":1532010277000},"page":"e0200874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors of intimate partner violence among women in four districts of the central region of Ghana: Baseline findings from a cluster randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Deda","family":"Ogum Alangea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8852-7189","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adolphina Addoley","family":"Addo-Lartey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yandisa","family":"Sikweyiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esnat Dorothy","family":"Chirwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorcas","family":"Coker-Appiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Jewkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard Mawuena Kofi","family":"Adanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60522-X","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and women&apos;s physical and mental health in the WHO multi-country study on women&apos;s health and domestic violence: an observational study","volume":"371","author":"M Ellsberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"In-depth study on all forms of violence against women: report of the Secretary General","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Organization WH. Understanding and addressing violence against women: Intimate partner violence. 2012."},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence","author":"W Global","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Violence against women: a \u2018global health problem of epidemic proportions\u2019[News release]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013."},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Violence by intimate partners","author":"L Heise","year":"2002","journal-title":"Violence by intimate partners"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2016.1.13135","article-title":"Prevalence of intimate partner violence and its associated risk factors among Saudi female patients attending the primary healthcare centers in Western Saudi Arabia","volume":"37","author":"TA Alzahrani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi medical journal"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Organization WH. Violence against women: Intimate partner and sexual violence against women (Fact sheet No. 239). World Health Organization, Geneva Retrieved from <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs239\/en\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs239\/en<\/ext-link>. 2014."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-7-11","article-title":"Risk factors for domestic physical violence: national cross-sectional household surveys in eight southern African countries","volume":"7","author":"N Andersson","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Women's Health"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"2016","article-title":"Domestic Violence in Ghana: Incidence, Attitudes, Determinants and Consequences"},{"issue":"9315","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08357-5","article-title":"Intimate partner violence: causes and prevention","volume":"359","author":"R Jewkes","year":"2002","journal-title":"The lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29590","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029590","article-title":"Gender inequitable masculinity and sexual entitlement in rape perpetration South Africa: findings of a cross-sectional study","volume":"6","author":"R Jewkes","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Intimate partner physical violence against women in Saudi Arabian primary healthcare clinics","author":"HM Eldoseri","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.3.2.231","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence","volume":"3","author":"DM Capaldi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Partner abuse"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Coker-Appiah D, Cusack K. Violence against women and children in Ghana: Breaking the silence, challenging the myths and building support. Accra Gender Studies and Human Rights Centre. 1999."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Determinants of domestic violence against women in Ghana","volume":"16","author":"ESO Adjah","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"GSS, GHS, ICF Macro. Ghana demographic and health survey 2008. 2009."},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Coker-Appiah D. A Guide to Developing A Community Response to Violence Against Women in Ghana."},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of physical or sexual intimate violence perpetration amongst men in four districts in the central region of Ghana: Baseline findings from a cluster randomised controlled trial","author":"ED Chirwa","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1325","article-title":"Stepping Stones and Creating Futures intervention: shortened interrupted time series evaluation of a behavioural and structural health promotion and violence prevention intervention for young people in informal settlements in Durban, South Africa","volume":"14","author":"R Jewkes","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"issue":"9543","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69523-8","article-title":"Prevalence of intimate partner violence: findings from the WHO multi-country study on women&apos;s health and domestic violence","volume":"368","author":"C Garcia-Moreno","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"34","article-title":"Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) for measurement of food access: indicator guide","author":"J Coates","year":"2007"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","article-title":"The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population","volume":"1","author":"LS Radloff","year":"1977","journal-title":"Applied psychological measurement"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Bernstein DP, Fink L. Childhood trauma questionnaire: A retrospective self-report: Manual: Psychological Corporation; 1998."},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"360","article-title":"Compendium of gender scales","author":"G Nanda","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2012.07.002","article-title":"Sample size: How many is enough?","volume":"25","author":"E Burmeister","year":"2012","journal-title":"Australian Critical Care"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Ghana demographic and health survey 2008","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 2014","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/13552070512331332273","article-title":"Gender equality and women&apos;s empowerment: A critical analysis of the third millennium development goal 1","volume":"13","author":"N Kabeer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gender & Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-109","article-title":"What factors are associated with recent intimate partner violence? Findings from the WHO multi-country study on women&apos;s health and domestic violence","volume":"11","author":"T Abramsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"Coker-Appiah D, Cusack K. Breaking the silence and challenging the myths of violence against women and children in Ghana: Report of a national study on violence. 1999."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260513505907","article-title":"Gender, power, and intimate partner violence: a study on couples from rural Malawi","volume":"29","author":"AA Conroy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of interpersonal violence"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Women\u2019s approval of domestic physical violence against wives: analysis of the Ghana demographic and health survey","volume":"15","author":"DT Doku","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC women's health"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4337\/9781781007495","article-title":"Globalization, uncertainty and women\u2019s careers: An international comparison","author":"H-P Blossfeld","year":"2006"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.2307\/799853","article-title":"Working-Class Jobs: Housework and Paid Work Assources of Satisfaction","volume":"23","author":"MM Ferree","year":"1976","journal-title":"Social Problems"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1002\/jid.1500","article-title":"How does economic empowerment affect women&apos;s risk of intimate partner violence in low and middle income countries? A systematic review of published evidence","volume":"21","author":"S Vyas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of international Development"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002381","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002381","article-title":"Women\u2019s and men\u2019s reports of past-year prevalence of intimate partner violence and rape and women\u2019s risk factors for intimate partner violence: A multicountry cross-sectional study in Asia and the Pacific","volume":"14","author":"R Jewkes","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.1.109","article-title":"Risk and protective factors for adult and child hunger among low-income housed and homeless female-headed families","volume":"94","author":"C Wehler","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(00)00052-1","article-title":"Neighborhood poverty as a predictor of intimate partner violence among White, Black, and Hispanic couples in the United States: A multilevel analysis","volume":"10","author":"CB Cunradi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annals of epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref40","first-page":"135","article-title":"Geographic concentration of violence between intimate partners","volume":"112","author":"R Miles-Doan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Economic Insecurity and Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Victimization","author":"MJ Breiding","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.04.014","article-title":"Food insufficiency and women&apos;s mental health: findings from a 3-year panel of welfare recipients","volume":"61","author":"CM Heflin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Social science & medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.5.1404S","article-title":"Measuring household food insecurity: why it&apos;s so important and yet so difficult to do","volume":"136","author":"P Webb","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of nutrition"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e859","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0239","article-title":"Food insecurity and the risks of depression and anxiety in mothers and behavior problems in their preschool-aged children","volume":"118","author":"RC Whitaker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e398","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0944","article-title":"Gender differences in food insecurity and morbidity among adolescents in southwest Ethiopia","volume":"127","author":"T Belachew","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.07.012","article-title":"The effect of food insecurity on mental health: panel evidence from rural Zambia","volume":"73","author":"SM Cole","year":"2011","journal-title":"Social science & medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.091462","article-title":"Household food insufficiency and mental health in South Africa","volume":"65","author":"K Sorsdahl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of epidemiology and community health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-015-0699-5","article-title":"Household food insecurity and mental distress among pregnant women in Southwestern Ethiopia: a cross sectional study design","volume":"15","author":"MG Jebena","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015001986","article-title":"Food insecurity and intimate partner violence against women: results from the California Women\u2019s Health Survey","volume":"19","author":"JL Ricks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013000281","article-title":"Very low food security in the USA is linked with exposure to violence","volume":"17","author":"MM Chilton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public health nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2012.4224","article-title":"Maternal depression mediates the association between intimate partner violence and food insecurity","volume":"23","author":"DC Hernandez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Women's Health"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2014.12.007","article-title":"The impact of cumulative family risks on various levels of food insecurity","volume":"50","author":"DC Hernandez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social science research"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24794","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v5.24794","article-title":"Adult experience of mental health outcomes as a result of intimate partner violence victimisation: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"S Lagdon","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001439","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001439","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and incident depressive symptoms and suicide attempts: a systematic review of longitudinal studies","volume":"10","author":"KM Devries","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS medicine"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3223","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260513496902","article-title":"Victimization experiences, substance misuse, and mental health problems in relation to risk for lethality among African American and African Caribbean women","volume":"28","author":"B Sabri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of interpersonal violence"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e564","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0583","article-title":"Mental health context of food insecurity: a representative cohort of families with young children","volume":"124","author":"M Melchior","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22347","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and new-onset depression: a longitudinal study of women\u2019s childhood and adult histories of abuse","volume":"32","author":"I Ouellet-Morin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Depression and anxiety"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260508325489","article-title":"Pathways to adult sexual revictimization: Direct and indirect behavioral risk factors across the lifespan","volume":"24","author":"JD Fargo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of interpersonal violence"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00272-0","article-title":"I think condoms are good, but, aai I hate those things\u201d: condom use among adolescents and young people in a southern African township, South Africa","volume":"52","author":"C McPhail","year":"2001","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref60","unstructured":"Wood K, Jewkes R. &apos;Dangerous&apos; love: Reflections on violence among Xhosa township youth. 2001."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.04.001","article-title":"Violence against women in Ghana: a look at women&apos;s perceptions and review of policy and social responses","volume":"59","author":"MI Amoakohene","year":"2004","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"ref62","unstructured":"Mennen T. Adapting restorative justice principles to reform customary courts in dealing with gender-based violence in Southern Sudan. A report by DPK Consulting for UNFPA. 2008."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2011.01.016","article-title":"Linkages between gender equity and intimate partner violence among urban Brazilian youth","volume":"49","author":"AM Gomez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"11","article-title":"Violence against women: The Ghanaian case","author":"E Ardayfio-Schandorf","year":"2005","journal-title":"World Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11195-007-9064-6","article-title":"Disability, gender and intimate partner violence: Relationships from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system","volume":"26","author":"DL Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sexuality and Disability"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260514534527","article-title":"Examining the Impact of Disability Status on Intimate Partner Violence Victimization in a Population Sample","volume":"29","author":"JW Hahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801206292681","article-title":"Partner Violence Against Women With Disabilities","volume":"12","author":"DA Brownridge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"ref68","unstructured":"Barker G, Ricardo C. Young men and the construction of masculinity in sub-Saharan Africa: implications for HIV\/AIDS, conflict, and violence: World Bank Washington, DC; 2005."},{"key":"ref69","article-title":"\u201cCorrecting an Erring Wife Is Normal\u201d Moral Discourses of Spousal Violence in Ghana","author":"SB Adjei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of interpersonal violence"},{"key":"ref70","unstructured":"Bashiru A-M. Sexual violence against women and their human rights in the Wa Municipality in the Upper West Region of Ghana. Unpublished Master\u2019s thesis) Institute of Social studies, Netherlands Retrieved from <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/thesiseurnl\/pub\/13058\/Bashiru%20Bashiru_bashi_1691.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/thesiseurnl\/pub\/13058\/Bashiru%20Bashiru_bashi_1691.pdf<\/ext-link>. 2012."},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"2013","article-title":"Marital Rape\u2013A Women\u2018s Equality Issue in Ghana","volume":"6","author":"EA Archampong","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12434","article-title":"Thirty years of research show alcohol to be a cause of intimate partner violence: future research needs to identify who to treat and how to treat them","volume":"36","author":"KE Leonard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug and alcohol review"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12405","article-title":"Living the cycle of drinking and violence: A qualitative study of women&apos;s experience of alcohol\u2010related intimate partner violence","volume":"36","author":"IM Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug and alcohol review"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caetano R, Schafer J, Cunradi CB. Alcohol-related intimate partner violence among white, black, and Hispanic couples in the United States. Domestic Violence: The Five Big Questions. 2017.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315264905-11"},{"key":"ref75","unstructured":"Amoateng-Boahen G. The \u201cculture of silence\u201d contributes to perpetuating domestic violence: A case study of family life in the Brong Ahafo region of Ghana: Xlibris Corporation; 2015."},{"key":"ref76","article-title":"Putting Women First: Ethical and Safety Recommendations for Research on Domestic Violence Against Women","year":"2001"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0200874","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,20]],"date-time":"2019-10-20T21:22:47Z","timestamp":1571606567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0200874"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Astrid M.","family":"Kamperman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0200874","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]]}}}