{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:14:40Z","timestamp":1791918880416,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,8]],"date-time":"2018-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,8]],"date-time":"2018-08-08T13:30:06Z","timestamp":1533735006000},"page":"e0201246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Pre-sleep treatment with galantamine stimulates lucid dreaming: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"LaBerge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"LaMarca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8541-0508","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Baird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"145","article-title":"Varieties of anomalous experience: Examining the scientific evidence","author":"S LaBerge","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"198","article-title":"Dream research: Contributions to clinical practice","author":"S LaBerge","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1981.52.3.727","article-title":"Lucid dreaming verified by volitional communication during REM sleep","volume":"52","author":"SP LaBerge","year":"1981","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Exploring the world of lucid dreaming","author":"S LaBerge","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"109","article-title":"Sleep and Cognition","author":"S LaBerge","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2016.06.002","article-title":"Lucid dreaming incidence: a quality effects meta-analysis of 50years of research","volume":"43","author":"DT Saunders","year":"2016","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1980.51.3f.1039","article-title":"Lucid dreaming as a learnable skill: A case study","volume":"51","author":"S LaBerge","year":"1980","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1037\/h0094432","article-title":"Validity established of DreamLight cues for eliciting lucid dreaming","volume":"5","author":"S LaBerge","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dreaming"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"105","article-title":"Conscious mind, sleeping brain","author":"RF Price","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"104","article-title":"Induction of lucid dreaming by light stimulation during REM sleep","volume":"17","author":"S LaBerge","year":"1988","journal-title":"Sleep Research"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"150","article-title":"This is a dream: Induction of lucid dreams by verbal suggestion during REM sleep","volume":"10","author":"S LaBerge","year":"1981","journal-title":"Sleep Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2013.08.005","article-title":"Testing the involvement of the prefrontal cortex in lucid dreaming: a tDCS study","volume":"22","author":"T Stumbrys","year":"2013","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3719","article-title":"Induction of self awareness in dreams through frontal low current stimulation of gamma activity","volume":"17","author":"U Voss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref14","author":"S LaBerge","year":"1980"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2012.07.003","article-title":"Induction of lucid dreams: A systematic review of evidence","volume":"21","author":"T Stumbrys","year":"2012","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"ref16","author":"GS Sparrow","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"184","article-title":"Psychological concomitants of the lucid dream state","volume":"4","author":"P Garfield","year":"1975","journal-title":"Sleep Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref18","first-page":"1","article-title":"An hour of wakefulness before morning naps makes lucidity more likely","volume":"6","author":"S LaBerge","year":"1994","journal-title":"NightLight"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1037\/drm0000059","article-title":"Reality testing and the Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams: Findings from the national Australian lucid dream induction study","volume":"27","author":"DJ Aspy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dreaming"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"ref20","first-page":"251","article-title":"Lucid dreaming: Physiological correlates of consciousness during REM sleep","volume":"7","author":"S LaBerge","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Mind and Behavior"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"149","article-title":"Psychophysiological correlates of the initiation of lucid dreaming","volume":"10","author":"S LaBerge","year":"1981","journal-title":"Sleep Research"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"29","article-title":"Sleep: Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators","author":"JC Gillin","year":"1985"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)91064-8","article-title":"Cholinergic antagonists and REM sleep generation","volume":"543","author":"J Velazquez-Moctezuma","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"88","article-title":"Sleep Science: Integrating Basic Research and Clinical Practice","author":"HA Baghdoyan","year":"1997"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(94)90013-2","article-title":"Influence of the cholinesterase inhibitor galanthamine hydrobromide on normal sleep","volume":"51","author":"D Riemann","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref26","author":"S LaBerge","year":"2001"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref27","first-page":"17","article-title":"To sleep, perchance to read","volume":"3","author":"S LaBerge","year":"1996","journal-title":"NightLight"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"ref28","first-page":"22","article-title":"Prolonging lucid dreams","volume":"7","author":"S LaBerge","year":"1995","journal-title":"NightLight"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2174\/157488410791110805","article-title":"A review of clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of galantamine, a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor for the treatment of Alzheimer&apos;s disease, in healthy subjects and patients","volume":"5","author":"F Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Current clinical pharmacology"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bates D, M\u00e4chler M, Bolker B, Walker S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. arXiv preprint arXiv:14065823. 2014.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02024.x","article-title":"The identification of concealed memories using the event\u2010related potential and implicit behavioral measures: A methodology for prediction in the face of individual differences","volume":"29","author":"JJ Allen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref32","first-page":"9","article-title":"Morning naps are better than afternoon naps for lucid dreaming","volume":"4","author":"L Levitan","year":"1992","journal-title":"NightLight"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(75)90369-8","article-title":"Sleep cycle control and cholinergic mechanisms: differential effects of carbachol injections at pontine brain stem sites","volume":"98","author":"TT Amatruda","year":"1975","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(63)90037-2","article-title":"Limbic cholinergic pathways involved in sleep and emotional behavior","volume":"8","author":"R Hernandez-Peon","year":"1963","journal-title":"Experimental Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1177\/153331750502000502","article-title":"Effects of galantamine on working memory and global functioning in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"20","author":"J Koontz","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1177\/026988110001400315","article-title":"Hypnopompic hallucinations with donepezil","volume":"14","author":"G Yorston","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1998.tb01033.x","article-title":"Aricept-induced nightmares in alzheimer&apos;s disease: 2 case reports","volume":"46","author":"JS Ross","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.104","article-title":"Modes and models of forebrain cholinergic neuromodulation of cognition","volume":"36","author":"ME Hasselmo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2004.08.006","article-title":"Unraveling the attentional functions of cortical cholinergic inputs: interactions between signal-driven and cognitive modulation of signal detection","volume":"48","author":"M Sarter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Research Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)22338-2","article-title":"Cholinesterase inhibitor effects on neurotransmitters in rat cortex in vivo","volume":"270","author":"G Cuadra","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(95)00157-3","article-title":"The effect of the selective reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor E2020 on extracellular acetylcholine and biogenic amine levels in rat cortex","volume":"35","author":"E Giacobini","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2716","article-title":"REM sleep and dreaming: towards a theory of protoconsciousness","volume":"10","author":"JA Hobson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301087","article-title":"Galantamine enhances dopaminergic neurotransmission in vivo via allosteric potentiation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors","volume":"32","author":"B Schilstr\u00f6m","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22742","article-title":"Making sense: dopamine activates conscious self\u2010monitoring through medial prefrontal cortex","volume":"36","author":"M Joensson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Day life, night life: How waking and dreaming experiences relate","volume":"6","author":"L Levitan","year":"1993","journal-title":"NightLight"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2012.11.001","article-title":"Measuring consciousness in dreams: The lucidity and consciousness in dreams scale","volume":"22","author":"U Voss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0423-5","article-title":"Conscious mind, sleeping brain: Perspectives on lucid dreaming","author":"J Gackenbach","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"Lucid dreams","author":"C. Green","year":"1968"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"269","article-title":"Individual differences in conscious experience","author":"DJ DeGracia","year":"2000"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0201246","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T03:49:30Z","timestamp":1751773770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0201246"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Ferri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,8]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0201246","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,8]]}}}