{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T23:03:40Z","timestamp":1792364620990,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]],"date-time":"2018-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001655","name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["57141273"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57141273"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Georg Ludwig Rexroth Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]],"date-time":"2018-08-22T13:37:42Z","timestamp":1534945062000},"page":"e0202499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Comparison of sensitivity and specificity of three diagnostic tests to detect Schistosoma mansoni infections in school children in Mwanza region, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8323-4897","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Antje","family":"Fuss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humphrey Deogratias","family":"Mazigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Tappe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christa","family":"Kasang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"383","author":"DG Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0676","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni Infection along the Coast of Lake Victoria in Mwanza Region, Tanzania","volume":"92","author":"A Olsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000412","article-title":"Neglected Tropical Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: Review of Their Prevalence, Distribution, and Disease Burden","volume":"3","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-274","article-title":"Epidemiology and control of human schistosomiasis in Tanzania","volume":"5","author":"HD Mazigo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005593","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005593","article-title":"Accuracy of parasitological and immunological tests for the screening of human schistosomiasis in immigrants and refugees from African countries: An approach with Latent Class Analysis","volume":"11","author":"A Beltrame","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2015.53.5.525","article-title":"Prevalence of Schistosomes and Soil-Transmitted Helminths and Morbidity Associated with Schistosomiasis among Adult Population in Lake Victoria Basin","volume":"53","author":"JE Siza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tanzania. Korean J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2015.53.5.515","article-title":"Prevalence of Schistosomes and Soil-Transmitted Helminths among Schoolchildren in Lake Victoria Basin, Tanzania","volume":"53","author":"JE Siza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0612-5","article-title":"Intestinal schistosomiasis and geohelminths of Ukara Island, North-Western Tanzania: prevalence, intensity of infection and associated risk factors among school children","volume":"7","author":"M Mugono","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S211","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001007703","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni and Biomphalaria: past history and future trends","volume":"123","author":"JA Morgan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"WHO | Basic laboratory methods in medical parasitology (archived). In: WHO [Internet]. [cited 28 Aug 2017]. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/atoz\/9241544104_part1\/en\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/atoz\/9241544104_part1\/en\/<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0275-5","article-title":"Schistosomiasis is more prevalent than previously thought: what does it mean for public health goals, policies, strategies, guidelines and intervention programs?","volume":"6","author":"DG Colley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiff C. Accurate diagnostics for schistosomiasis: a new role for PCR? In: Reports in Parasitology [Internet]. 17 Aug 2015 [cited 9 Dec 2016]. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/accurate-diagnostics-for-schistosomiasis-a-new-role-for-pcr-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RIP\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.dovepress.com\/accurate-diagnostics-for-schistosomiasis-a-new-role-for-pcr-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RIP<\/ext-link>","DOI":"10.2147\/RIP.S74319"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0104","article-title":"Diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni without the stool: comparison of three diagnostic tests to detect Schistosoma [corrected] mansoni infection from filtered urine in Zambia","volume":"89","author":"N Lodh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e91144","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091144","article-title":"Detection of Parasite-Specific DNA in Urine Sediment Obtained by Filtration Differentiates between Single and Mixed Infections of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium from Endemic Areas in Ghana","volume":"9","author":"N Lodh","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnostics for schistosomiasis in Africa and Arabia: a review of present options in control and future needs for elimination","author":"JR Stothard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-7","article-title":"Performance of circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) urine-dipsticks for rapid detection of intestinal schistosomiasis in schoolchildren from shoreline communities of Lake Victoria","volume":"3","author":"C Standley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inhe.2010.02.003","article-title":"Treatment of intestinal schistosomiasis in Ugandan preschool children: best diagnosis, treatment efficacy and side-effects, and an extended praziquantel dosing pole","volume":"2","author":"JC Sousa-Figueiredo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Circulating antigen tests and urine reagent strips for diagnosis of active schistosomiasis in endemic areas","author":"EA Ochodo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2109","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002109","article-title":"Accuracy of urine circulating cathodic antigen test for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni in preschool-aged children before and after treatment","volume":"7","author":"JT Coulibaly","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38947","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038947","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy and Applicability of a PCR System for the Detection of Schistosoma mansoni DNA in Human Urine Samples from an Endemic Area","volume":"7","author":"MJ Enk","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0116-y","article-title":"Nucleic acid detection in the diagnosis and prevention of schistosomiasis","volume":"5","author":"P He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(91)90222-R","article-title":"Highly repeated short DNA sequences in the genome of Schistosoma mansoni recognized by a species-specific probe","volume":"44","author":"J Hamburger","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.157","article-title":"Detection by polymerase chain reaction of Schistosoma mansoni DNA in human serum and feces","volume":"66","author":"LA Pontes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0764","article-title":"Detection of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium DNA by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification: Identification of Infected Snails from Early Prepatency","volume":"83","author":"I Abbasi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.11.008","article-title":"Identification and differentiation of human schistosomes by polymerase chain reaction","volume":"124","author":"N Kato-Hayashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.2307\/3284399","article-title":"Detection of Schistosoma mansoni in Biomphalaria using nested PCR","volume":"83","author":"B Hanelt","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.2307\/3284400","article-title":"PCR amplification of the mitochondrial DNA minisatellite region to detect Schistosoma mansoni infection in Biomphalaria glabrata snails","volume":"83","author":"LK Jannotti-Passos","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-014-0558-4","article-title":"Evaluation of real-time PCR assay to detect Schistosoma mansoni infections in a low endemic setting","volume":"14","author":"MCC Esp\u00edrito-Santo","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.907","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction assay based on a highly repeated sequence of Schistosoma haematobium: a potential tool for monitoring schistosome-infested water","volume":"65","author":"J Hamburger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.07.016","article-title":"Evaluation of polymerase chain reaction as an additional tool for the diagnosis of low-intensity Schistosoma mansoni infection","volume":"68","author":"LMA Oliveira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1179\/136485908X337490","article-title":"Application of a circulating-cathodic-antigen (CCA) strip test and real-time PCR, in comparison with microscopy, for the detection of Schistosoma haematobium in urine samples from Ghana","volume":"102","author":"B b Obeng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"397","article-title":"A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in Schistosomiasis mansoni","volume":"14","author":"N Katz","year":"1972","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02407.x","article-title":"The performance of haematuria reagent strips for the rapid mapping of urinary schistosomiasis: field experience from Southern Sudan","volume":"14","author":"E Robinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2007.01.198","article-title":"School-based control of urinary schistosomiasis on Zanzibar, Tanzania: Monitoring micro-haematuria with reagent strips as a rapid urological assessment","volume":"3","author":"MD French","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00508.x","article-title":"Control of urinary schistosomiasis: an investigation into the effective use of questionnaires to identify high\u2010risk communities and individuals in Niger State, Nigeria","volume":"5","author":"M. A. Mafe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"Drew A. Linzer, Lewis Jeffrey. Polytomous Variable Latent Class Analysis.&quot; R package version 1.4. [Internet]. 2013. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/dlinzer.github.com\/poLCA\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/dlinzer.github.com\/poLCA<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118201800029X","article-title":"Surveillance of intestinal schistosomiasis during control: a comparison of four diagnostic tests across five Ugandan primary schools in the Lake Albert region","author":"H Al-Shehri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e951","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000951","article-title":"Evaluation of Urine CCA Assays for Detection of Schistosoma mansoni Infection in Western Kenya","volume":"5","author":"HL Shane","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"poLCA: an R Package for Polytomous Variable Latent Class Analysis","author":"Drew A Linzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0639","article-title":"A Five-Country Evaluation of a Point-of-Care Circulating Cathodic Antigen Urine Assay for the Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"88","author":"DG Colley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2016.04.002","article-title":"Evaluation and optimization of the Circulating Cathodic Antigen (POC-CCA) cassette test for detecting Schistosoma mansoni infection by using image analysis in school children in Mwanza Region, Tanzania","volume":"1","author":"M Casacuberta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol Control"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0725","article-title":"Comparison of Schistosoma mansoni Prevalence and Intensity of Infection, as Determined by the Circulating Cathodic Antigen Urine Assay or by the Kato-Katz Fecal Assay: A Systematic Review","volume":"94","author":"N Kittur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0423-2016","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of the circulating cathodic antigen rapid urine test in the diagnosis of Schistosomiasis mansoni infection and evaluation of morbidity in a low- endemic area in Brazil","volume":"50","author":"FT Ferreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182003","article-title":"Field evaluation of a schistosome circulating cathodic antigen rapid test kit at point-of-care for mapping of schistosomiasis endemic districts in The Gambia","volume":"12","author":"B Sanneh","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-64","article-title":"Epidemiology and control of intestinal schistosomiasis on the Sesse Islands, Uganda: integrating malacology and parasitology to tailor local treatment recommendations","volume":"3","author":"CJ Standley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2014.04.001","article-title":"Evaluation of circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) urine-cassette assay as a survey tool for Schistosoma mansoni in different transmission settings within Bugiri District, Uganda","volume":"136","author":"M Adriko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12117","article-title":"Evaluation of urine-circulating cathodic antigen (Urine-CCA) cassette test for the detection of Schistosoma mansoni infection in areas of moderate prevalence in Ethiopia","volume":"18","author":"B Erko","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2012.03060.x","article-title":"Schistosoma real-time PCR as diagnostic tool for international travellers and migrants","volume":"17","author":"L Cnops","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-014-0558-4","article-title":"Evaluation of real-time PCR assay to detect Schistosoma mansoni infections in a low endemic setting","volume":"14","author":"MCC Esp\u00edrito-Santo","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02225.x","article-title":"Assessing the marginal error in diagnosis and cure of Schistosoma mansoni in areas of low endemicity using Percoll and PCR techniques","volume":"14","author":"AF Allam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.652","article-title":"Comparison of a Polymerase Chain Reaction and the Kato-Katz Technique for Diagnosing Infection with Schistosoma Mansoni","volume":"68","author":"LA Pontes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5414-9","article-title":"Comparing the performance of circulating cathodic antigen and Kato-Katz techniques in evaluating Schistosoma mansoni infection in areas with low prevalence in selected counties of Kenya: a cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"C Okoyo","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.08.020","article-title":"From innovation to application: Social\u2013ecological context, diagnostics, drugs and integrated control of schistosomiasis","volume":"120","author":"J Utzinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Trop"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0202499","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,22]],"date-time":"2019-10-22T15:23:51Z","timestamp":1571757831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0202499"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ryan E.","family":"Wiegand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0202499","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]]}}}