{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:00:22Z","timestamp":1740146422652,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]],"date-time":"2018-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI), the Malaria Vaccine Development Program (MVDP) of the US Agency for International Development (USAID)"},{"name":"US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]],"date-time":"2018-09-11T17:15:39Z","timestamp":1536686139000},"page":"e0203455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Females of HbAS genotype have reduced concentration of the malaria protective deoxyhemoglobin S than males"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2540-4397","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John N.","family":"Waitumbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyne M.","family":"Kifude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carol W.","family":"Hunja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernhards R.","family":"Ogutu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2008.07085.x","article-title":"Genetic variation and susceptibility to infection: the red cell and malaria","volume":"141","author":"DJ Weatherall","year":"2008","journal-title":"British journal of haematology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2011.16","article-title":"Population genetics of malaria resistance in humans","volume":"107","author":"PW Hedrick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heredity (Edinb)"},{"issue":"4857","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4857.290","article-title":"Protection afforded by sickle-cell trait against subtertian malareal infection","volume":"1","author":"AC Allison","year":"1954","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2005.00180.x","article-title":"A comparison of case-control and family-based association methods: the example of sickle-cell and malaria","volume":"69","author":"H Ackerman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Hum Genet"},{"issue":"9314","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08273-9","article-title":"Protective effects of the sickle cell gene against malaria morbidity and mortality","volume":"359","author":"M Aidoo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1983.11811704","article-title":"A case-control study in northern Liberia of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in haemoglobin S and beta-thalassaemia traits","volume":"77","author":"M Willcox","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref7","article-title":"X-Linked G6PD Deficiency Protects Hemizygous Males but Not Heterozygous Females against Severe Malaria","volume":"4","author":"A. Guindo","year":"2007"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e437","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(15)00152-0","article-title":"Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and the risk of malaria and other diseases in children in Kenya: a case-control and a cohort study","volume":"2","author":"S Uyoga","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet Haematology"},{"issue":"6537","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/376246a0","article-title":"Natural selection of hemi- and heterozygotes for G6PD deficiency in Africa by resistance to severe malaria","volume":"376","author":"C Ruwende","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.2830060203","article-title":"Sickle cell anemia and trait in southern India: further studies","volume":"6","author":"G Brittenham","year":"1979","journal-title":"American journal of hematology"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198206173062402","article-title":"The interaction of alpha-thalassemia and homozygous sickle-cell disease","volume":"306","author":"DR Higgs","year":"1982","journal-title":"The New England journal of medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1159\/000022899","article-title":"alpha-thalassemia in Bantu population from Congo-Brazzaville: its interaction with sickle cell anemia","volume":"50","author":"R Mouele","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum Hered"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2006.06006.x","article-title":"Co-inheritance of alpha+-thalassaemia and sickle trait results in specific effects on haematological parameters","volume":"133","author":"S Wambua","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1660","article-title":"Negative epistasis between the malaria-protective effects of alpha+-thalassemia and the sickle cell trait","volume":"37","author":"TN Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature genetics"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e140","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(15)00043-5","article-title":"Effect of red blood cell variants on childhood malaria in Mali: a prospective cohort study","volume":"2","author":"TM Lopera-Mesa","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet Haematology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V87.4.1600.bloodjournal8741600","article-title":"Protection from lethal malaria in transgenic mice expressing sickle hemoglobin","volume":"87","author":"AT Hood","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1987.00370070045007","article-title":"The painful crisis of homozygous sickle cell disease: A study of risk factors","volume":"147","author":"KF Baum","year":"1987","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"23","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199406093302303","article-title":"Mortality In Sickle Cell Disease\u2014Life Expectancy and Risk Factors for Early Death","volume":"330","author":"OS Platt","year":"1994","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199107043250103","article-title":"Pain in Sickle Cell Disease","volume":"325","author":"OS Platt","year":"1991","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref20","first-page":"391","article-title":"Epidemiology of sickle cell disease in a rural hospital of central India","volume":"37","author":"M Kamble","year":"2000","journal-title":"Indian pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V85.4.1111.bloodjournal8541111","article-title":"An analysis of fetal hemoglobin variation in sickle cell disease: the relative contributions of the X-linked factor, beta-globin haplotypes, alpha-globin gene number, gender, and age","volume":"85","author":"YC Chang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V80.3.816.816","article-title":"Fetal hemoglobin levels in sickle cell disease and normal individuals are partially controlled by an X-linked gene located at Xp22.2","volume":"80","author":"GJ Dover","year":"1992","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.2830480307","article-title":"Gender and haplotype effects upon hematological manifestations of adult sickle cell anemia","volume":"48","author":"MH Steinberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"American journal of hematology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000044943.12533.A8","article-title":"Divergent nitric oxide bioavailability in men and women with sickle cell disease","volume":"107","author":"MT Gladwin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2007.06794.x","article-title":"Sickle-cell haemoglobin polymerization: is it the primary pathogenic event of sickle-cell anaemia?","volume":"139","author":"PG Vekilov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4708","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004708","article-title":"Blood stage malaria vaccine eliciting high antigen-specific antibody concentrations confers no protection to young children in Western Kenya","volume":"4","author":"BR Ogutu","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040066","article-title":"X-linked G6PD deficiency protects hemizygous males but not heterozygous females against severe malaria","volume":"4","author":"A Guindo","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-6-79","article-title":"Establishing a malaria diagnostics centre of excellence in Kisumu, Kenya","volume":"6","author":"C Ohrt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-22","article-title":"Pilot assessment of the sensitivity of the malaria thin film","volume":"7","author":"C Ohrt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.2007.00879.x","article-title":"Hb G-Philadelphia or Stanleyville II? When the phenotype and genotype do not agree","volume":"79","author":"JN Waitumbi","year":"2007","journal-title":"European journal of haematology"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-241","article-title":"Frequency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in malaria patients from six African countries enrolled in two randomized anti-malarial clinical trials","volume":"10","author":"N Carter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malaria journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198202043060504","article-title":"Concurrent sickle-cell anemia and alpha-thalassemia: effect on severity of anemia","volume":"306","author":"SH Embury","year":"1982","journal-title":"The New England journal of medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1086\/430744","article-title":"Sickle cell trait and the risk of Plasmodium falciparum malaria and other childhood diseases","volume":"192","author":"TN Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3109\/03630269.2011.600491","article-title":"High prevalence of hemoglobin disorders and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in the Republic of Guinea (West Africa)","volume":"36","author":"TS Millimono","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hemoglobin"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199709113371107","article-title":"Pathogenesis and treatment of sickle cell disease","volume":"337","author":"HF Bunn","year":"1997","journal-title":"The New England journal of medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.23457","article-title":"Genetic modifiers of sickle cell anemia in the BABY HUG cohort: influence on laboratory and clinical phenotypes","volume":"88","author":"VA Sheehan","year":"2013","journal-title":"American journal of hematology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.2011.01743.x","article-title":"Age-dependent changes in the membrane surface area: sickle red blood cell volume may account for differential clinical effects of coinherited alpha thalassemia on sickle cell anemia","volume":"88","author":"SH Embury","year":"2012","journal-title":"European journal of haematology"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1987.00370070045007","article-title":"The painful crisis of homozygous sickle cell disease. A study of the risk factors","volume":"147","author":"KF Baum","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"23","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199406093302303","article-title":"Mortality in sickle cell disease. Life expectancy and risk factors for early death","volume":"330","author":"OS Platt","year":"1994","journal-title":"The New England journal of medicine"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374271-1.00004-6","article-title":"Gender-Specific Aspects of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology","author":"J. Garvin","year":"2010"},{"issue":"5942","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/306498a0","article-title":"Electrostatic interactions in the assembly of haemoglobin","volume":"306","author":"HF Bunn","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2013.12.003","article-title":"The sex difference in haemoglobin levels in adults\u2014mechanisms, causes, and consequences","volume":"28","author":"WG Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood reviews"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V9.10.999.999","article-title":"Variation of the hemoglobin level with age and sex","volume":"9","author":"WW Hawkins","year":"1954","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/2042-6410-5-3","article-title":"Influence of sex differences on microRNA gene regulation in disease","volume":"5","author":"S Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.06.007","article-title":"Translocation of sickle cell erythrocyte microRNAs into Plasmodium falciparum inhibits parasite translation and contributes to malaria resistance","volume":"12","author":"G LaMonte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0203455","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]],"date-time":"2019-10-23T22:29:18Z","timestamp":1571869758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0203455"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jose Antonio","family":"Stoute","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0203455","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]]}}}