{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T21:49:59Z","timestamp":1790459399266,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]],"date-time":"2019-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 NS101386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 NS101386"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]],"date-time":"2019-01-10T13:33:45Z","timestamp":1547127225000},"page":"e0203727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Electrical fields induced inside the rat brain with skin, skull, and dural placements of the current injection electrode"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ahmet S.","family":"Asan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2291-6549","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sinan","family":"Gok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mesut","family":"Sahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00437-6","article-title":"Brain polarization in humans: A reappraisal of an old tool for prolonged non-invasive modulation of brain excitability [Internet]","author":"A Priori","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.02.007","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of transcranial direct current stimulation to stroke patients\u2013A phase I current escalation study","volume":"10","author":"PY Chhatbar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul. Elsevier"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.06.004","article-title":"Safety of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Evidence Based Update 2016","volume":"9","author":"M Bikson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.06.001","article-title":"Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: Safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines","volume":"128","author":"A Antal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.11.012","article-title":"A technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools","volume":"127","author":"AJ Woods","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(62)90056-0","article-title":"Influence of transcortical d-c currents on cortical neuronal activity","volume":"5","author":"OD Creutzfeldt","year":"1962","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1964.sp007425","article-title":"The action of brief polarizing currents on the cerebral cortex of the rat (1) during current flow and (2) in the production of long-lasting after-effects","volume":"172","author":"LJ Bindman","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","article-title":"Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"527","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04233.x","article-title":"How does transcranial DC stimulation of the primary motor cortex alter regional neuronal activity in the human brain?","volume":"22","author":"N Lang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.42.9.687","article-title":"Measurement of imposed voltage gradient adequate to modulate neuronal firing","volume":"42","author":"CA Terzuolo","year":"1956","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.055772","article-title":"Effects of uniform extracellular DC electric fields on excitability in rat hippocampal slices in vitro","volume":"557","author":"M Bikson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.03.007","article-title":"Role of cortical cell type and morphology in subthreshold and suprathreshold uniform electric field stimulation in vitro","volume":"2","author":"T Radman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.04.009","article-title":"Modeling the current distribution during transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"117","author":"PC Miranda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.03.005","article-title":"Gyri-precise head model of transcranial direct current stimulation: Improved spatial focality using a ring electrode versus conventional rectangular pad","volume":"2","author":"A Datta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.01.033","article-title":"Determinants of the electric field during transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"109","author":"A Opitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.08.016","article-title":"Animal models of transcranial direct current stimulation: Methods and mechanisms","volume":"127","author":"MP Jackson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1950.02310190108008","article-title":"The current path in electric convulsion shock","volume":"63","author":"KJ Hayes","year":"1950","journal-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiatry. American Medical Association"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1986.sp015963","article-title":"Modulation by applied electric fields of Purkinje and stellate cell activity in the isolated turtle cerebellum","volume":"371","author":"CY Chan","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1988.sp017232","article-title":"Effects of electric fields on transmembrane potential and excitability of turtle cerebellar Purkinje cells in vitro","volume":"402","author":"CY Chan","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31236","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31236","article-title":"Spatiotemporal structure of intracranial electric fields induced by transcranial electric stimulation in humans and nonhuman primates","volume":"6","author":"A Opitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02928-3","article-title":"Direct effects of transcranial electric stimulation on brain circuits in rats and humans","volume":"9","author":"M V\u00f6r\u00f6slakos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gasca F, Marshall L, Binder S, Schlaefer A, Hofmann UG, Schweikard A. Finite element simulation of transcranial current stimulation in realistic rat head model. 2011 5th International IEEE\/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering. IEEE; 2011. pp. 36\u201339. <comment>doi: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/NER.2011.5910483\" xlink:type=\"simple\">10.1109\/NER.2011.5910483<\/ext-link><\/comment>","DOI":"10.1109\/NER.2011.5910483"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18834","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.18834","article-title":"Measurements and models of electric fields in the in vivo human brain during transcranial electric stimulation","volume":"6","author":"Y Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2424003","article-title":"Resistance for Flow of Current to a Disk","volume":"113","author":"J Newman","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Electrochem Soc"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1982.324910","article-title":"Analysis and control of the current distribution under circular dispersive electrodes","volume":"29","author":"JD Wiley","year":"1982","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11476","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5252-09.2010","article-title":"Transcranial electric stimulation entrains cortical neuronal populations in rats","volume":"30","author":"S Ozen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.01.022","article-title":"Safety limits of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation in rats","volume":"120","author":"D Liebetanz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1944.tb04586.x","article-title":"ON ELECTRIC CONVULSIVE THERAPY: with particular regard to a parietal application of electrodes, controlled by intracerebral voltage measurements1","volume":"19","author":"JW Smitt","year":"1944","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01312.2006","article-title":"Shaping the Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Human Motor Cortex","volume":"97","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"066017","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/8\/6\/066017","article-title":"A finite element analysis of the effect of electrode area and inter-electrode distance on the spatial distribution of the current density in tDCS","volume":"8","author":"P Faria","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.03.023","article-title":"What does the ratio of injected current to electrode area tell us about current density in the brain during tDCS?","volume":"120","author":"PC Miranda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.05.020","article-title":"Electrode montages for tDCS and weak transcranial electrical stimulation: Role of \u201creturn\u201d electrode\u2019s position and size","volume":"121","author":"M Bikson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2488","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2014.2322774","article-title":"Comparison of Cephalic and Extracephalic Montages for Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation\u2014A Numerical Study","volume":"61","author":"GM Noetscher","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.04.033","article-title":"Electrode-distance dependent after-effects of transcranial direct and random noise stimulation with extracephalic reference electrodes","volume":"121","author":"V Moliadze","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2013.00006","article-title":"Transcranial direct-current stimulation increases extracellular dopamine levels in the rat striatum","volume":"7","author":"T Tanaka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2011.06.018","article-title":"Cumulative benefits of frontal transcranial direct current stimulation on visuospatial working memory training and skill learning in rats","volume":"96","author":"CA Dockery","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2012.2200046","article-title":"Transcranial current brain stimulation (tCS): models and technologies","volume":"21","author":"G Ruffini","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/5\/1\/006","article-title":"Incorporation of the electrode\u2013electrolyte interface into finite-element models of metal microelectrodes","volume":"5","author":"DR Cantrell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/5\/2\/007","article-title":"Transcranial current stimulation focality using disc and ring electrode configurations: FEM analysis","volume":"5","author":"A Datta","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0203727","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T14:58:54Z","timestamp":1588949934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0203727"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Marom","family":"Bikson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0203727","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/402578","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]}}}