{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T12:54:43Z","timestamp":1774529683555,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,27]],"date-time":"2018-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,27]],"date-time":"2018-09-27T13:44:12Z","timestamp":1538055852000},"page":"e0204479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The epidemiology of typhoid fever in the Dhulikhel area, Nepal: A prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1981-3848","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Neta","family":"Petersiel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sudeep","family":"Shresta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajendra","family":"Tamrakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajendra","family":"Koju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Surendra","family":"Madhup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Shresta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"TRS","family":"Bedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niv","family":"Zmora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yael","family":"Paran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eli","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ami","family":"Neuberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13988","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013988","article-title":"The Burden and Characteristics of Enteric Fever at a Healthcare Facility in a Densely Populated Area of Kathmandu","volume":"5","author":"A Karkey","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62708-7","article-title":"Typhoid fever","volume":"385","author":"J Wain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Environment &amp; Public Health Organization. ENPHO [Internet]. [cited 26 Jun 2018]. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/enpho.org\/featured\/typhoid-the-neglected-urgent-in-nepal\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/enpho.org\/featured\/typhoid-the-neglected-urgent-in-nepal\/<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.670","article-title":"The etiology of febrile illness in adults presenting to Patan hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal","volume":"70","author":"DR Murdoch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"351","article-title":"A hospital-based study of bloodstream infections in febrile patients in Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Teaching Hospital, Nepal","volume":"37","author":"NP Sharma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.10.003","article-title":"Emerging trends in enteric fever in Nepal: 9124 cases confirmed by blood culture 1993\u20132003","volume":"102","author":"AP Maskey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix185","article-title":"Treatment Response in Enteric Fever in an Era of Increasing Antimicrobial Resistance: An Individual Patient Data Analysis of 2092 Participants Enrolled into 4 Randomized, Controlled Trials in Nepal","volume":"64","author":"CN Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006051","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006051","article-title":"A 23-year retrospective investigation of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi isolated in a tertiary Kathmandu hospital","volume":"11","author":"RM Zellweger","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2391","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002391","article-title":"Differential Epidemiology of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A in Kathmandu, Nepal: A Matched Case Control Investigation in a Highly Endemic Enteric Fever Setting","volume":"7","author":"A Karkey","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"188","article-title":"Typhoid fever in Dhulikhel hospital, Nepal","volume":"2","author":"N Sharma","journal-title":"Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0227","article-title":"Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology of Salmonella Paratyphi A Isolated from Patients with Bacteremia in Nepal","volume":"97","author":"U Laghu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3126\/jnps.v32i3.6682","article-title":"Enteric fever in Children at Dhulikhel Hospital","volume":"32","author":"SD Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nepal Paediatr Soc"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1086\/503033","article-title":"Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi A and S. enterica Serovar Typhi Cause Indistinguishable Clinical Syndromes in Kathmandu, Nepal","volume":"42","author":"AP Maskey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0709","article-title":"Undifferentiated Febrile Illness in Kathmandu, Nepal","volume":"92","author":"S Dongol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.31729\/jnma.2295","article-title":"Frequency of Blood Culture Isolates and their Antibiogram in a Teaching hospital","volume":"52","author":"S Shrestha","journal-title":"JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-8-1","article-title":"Distribution of antibody titer against Salmonella enterica among healthy individuals in nepal","volume":"8","author":"BM Pokhrel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. BioMed Central"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e167","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit563","article-title":"Trends of Etiology and Drug Resistance in Enteric Fever in the Last Two Decades in Nepal: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"S Karki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"e2428","article-title":"Self-medication with Antibiotics in WHO Southeast Asian Region: A Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"G Nepal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix652","article-title":"Successful Therapy of a Multidrug-Resistant Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase\u2013Producing and Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Salmonella enterica Subspecies enterica Serovar Typhi Infection Using Combination Therapy of Meropenem and Fosfomycin","volume":"65","author":"C-E Kleine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"World Health Organization Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response Vaccines and Biologicals. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/rpc\/TFGuideWHO.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/rpc\/TFGuideWHO.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit723","article-title":"A Large Outbreak of Salmonella Paratyphi A Infection Among Israeli Travelers To Nepal","volume":"58","author":"E Meltzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006380","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006380","article-title":"Open label comparative trial of mono versus dual antibiotic therapy for Typhoid Fever in adults","volume":"12","author":"N Zmora","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis. Public Library of Science"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"WHO | Typhoid. WHO. World Health Organization; 2015; Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization\/diseases\/typhoid\/en\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization\/diseases\/typhoid\/en\/<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Ilesh Jani Kari Johansen. BACKGROUND PAPER TO SAGE ON TYPHOID VACCINE POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS [Internet]. Background Paper on Typhoid Vaccines for SAGE Meeting. 2017. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization\/sage\/meetings\/2017\/october\/1_Typhoid_SAGE_background_paper_Final_v3B.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization\/sage\/meetings\/2017\/october\/1_Typhoid_SAGE_background_paper_Final_v3B.pdf<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc091690","article-title":"comment: A cluster-randomized effectiveness trial of Vi typhoid vaccine in India","volume":"361","author":"E. Schwartz","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.11.030","article-title":"Specific and cross-reactive immune response to oral Salmonella Typhi Ty21a and parenteral Vi capsular polysaccharide typhoid vaccines administered concomitantly","volume":"33","author":"SH Pakkanen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2310\/7060.2005.12507","article-title":"Enteric fever in Israeli travelers: a nationwide study","volume":"12","author":"E Meltzer","journal-title":"J Travel Med"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0204479","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]],"date-time":"2019-10-24T20:35:21Z","timestamp":1571949321000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0204479"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jo\u00ebl","family":"Mossong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,27]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0204479","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,27]]}}}