{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:00:32Z","timestamp":1787022032340,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,3]],"date-time":"2018-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"What Works to Prevent Violence Against Women and Girls? Global Programme"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,3]],"date-time":"2018-10-03T14:04:51Z","timestamp":1538575491000},"page":"e0204956","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":184,"title":["Associations between poverty, mental health and substance use, gender power, and intimate partner violence amongst young (18-30) women and men in urban informal settlements in South Africa: A cross-sectional study and structural equation model"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2812-5377","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew","family":"Gibbs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Jewkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Willan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Washington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6140","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1240937","article-title":"Global Health. The prevalence of intimate partner violence against women","volume":"340","author":"K Devries","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1425.013","article-title":"Poverty, gender inequities, and women&apos;s risk of human immunodeficiency virus\/AIDS","volume":"1136","author":"S Krishnan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"ref3","author":"L Heise","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Food insecurity associated with intimate partner violence among women in Abidjan, Cote d\u2019Ivoire","author":"S Fong","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015001986","article-title":"Food insecurity and intimate partner violence against women: results from the California Women\u2019s Health Survey","volume":"19","author":"JL Ricks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public health nutrition"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002381","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002381","article-title":"Women\u2019s and men\u2019s reports of past-year prevalence of intimate partner violence and rape and women\u2019s risk factors for intimate partner violence: A multicountry cross-sectional study in Asia and the Pacific","volume":"14","author":"R Jewkes","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-109","article-title":"What factors are associated with recent intimate partner violence? findings from the WHO multi-country study on women&apos;s health and domestic violence","volume":"11","author":"T Abramsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3129-3","article-title":"The way to a man\u2019s heart is through his stomach?: a mixed methods study on causal mechanisms through which cash and in-kind food transfers decreased intimate partner violence","volume":"16","author":"AM Buller","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1002\/jid.1500","article-title":"How does economic empowerment affect women&apos;s risk of intimate partner violence in low- and middle-income countries? A systematic review of published evidence","volume":"21","author":"S Vyas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of International Development"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303694","article-title":"Women\u2019s Individual Asset Ownership and Experience of Intimate Partner Violence: Evidence From 28 International Surveys","volume":"107","author":"A Peterman","year":"2017","journal-title":"American journal of public health"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"219","article-title":"Women\u2019s Vulnerability, Risk and Social Protection: An Exploration of Links between Property Ownership and Domestic Violence in South Asia","author":"N Bhatla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Social Protection as Development Policy: Asian Perspectives"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e332","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00013-3","article-title":"Cross-national and multilevel correlates of partner violence: an analysis of data from population-based surveys","volume":"3","author":"L Heise","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v7.23676","article-title":"\u201cMen value their dignity\u201d: securing respect and identity construction in urban informal settlements in South Africa","volume":"7","author":"A Gibbs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Global Health Action"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref14","first-page":"286","article-title":"Hegemonic and Subordinated Masculinities: Class, violence and sexual performance among young Mozambican men","volume":"18","author":"C Gores-Green","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nordic Journal of African Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e187","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70074-3","article-title":"UN Multi-Country Cross Sectional Study on Men and Violence. Prevalence of and factors associated with male perpetration of intimate partner violence: findings from the UN Multi-country Cross-sectional Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific","volume":"1","author":"E Fulu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2014.08.022","article-title":"Prevalence and health impact of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence among female adolescents aged 15\u201319 years in vulnerable urban environments: a multi-country study","volume":"55","author":"MR Decker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0118639","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118639","article-title":"Risk Factors for Men\u2019s Lifetime Perpetration of Physical Violence against Intimate Partners: Results from the International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES) in Eight Countries","volume":"10","author":"PJ Fleming","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0150986","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150986","article-title":"Structural pathways between child abuse, poor mental health outcomes and male-perpetrated intimate partner violence (IPV)","volume":"11","author":"MT Machisa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e208","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70069-X","article-title":"Prevalence of and factors associated with non-partner rape perpetration: findings from the UN Multi-country Cross-sectional Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific","volume":"1","author":"R Jewkes","year":"2013","journal-title":"The lancet global health"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29590","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029590","article-title":"Gender inequitable masculinity and sexual entitlement in rape perpetration South Africa: findings of a cross-sectional stud","volume":"6","author":"R Jewkes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002257","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002257","article-title":"Talking sensibly about depression","volume":"14","author":"V Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS medicine"},{"issue":"9801","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60754-X","article-title":"Poverty and mental disorders: breaking the cycle in low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"378","author":"C Lund","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"9904","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61611-6","article-title":"Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"382","author":"HA Whiteford","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.05.001","article-title":"Alcohol and intimate partner violence: A meta-analytic review","volume":"28","author":"HM Foran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical psychology review"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v5.24794","article-title":"Adult experience of mental health outcomes as a result of intimate partner violence victimisation: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"S Lagdon","year":"2014","journal-title":"European journal of psychotraumatology"},{"issue":"9619","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60522-X","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and women&apos;s physical and mental health in the WHO multi-country study on women&apos;s health and domestic violence: an observational study","volume":"371","author":"M Ellsberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0175240","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175240","article-title":"Mental ill health in structural pathways to women\u2019s experiences of intimate partner violence","volume":"12","author":"MT Machisa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"ref28","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref29","author":"M Huchzermeyer","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref30","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4223-x","article-title":"The Stepping Stones and Creating Futures intervention to prevent intimate partner violence and HIV-risk behaviours in Durban, South Africa: study protocol for a cluster randomized control trial, and baseline characteristics","volume":"17","author":"A Gibbs","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01530.x","article-title":"A cluster randomized-controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of Stepping Stones in preventing HIV infections and promoting safer sexual behaviour amongst youth in the rural Eastern Cape, South Africa: trial design, methods and baseline findings","volume":"11","author":"R Jewkes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"A typology of domestic violence: Intimate terrorism, violent resistance, and situational couple violence: Upne","author":"MP Johnson","year":"2010"},{"issue":"9543","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69523-8","article-title":"Prevalence of intimate partner violence: findings from the WHO multi-country study on women&apos;s health and domestic violence","volume":"368","author":"C Garcia-Moreno","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref35","author":"M Deitchler","year":"2010"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1325","article-title":"Stepping Stones and Creating Futures intervention: shortened interrupted time series evaluation of a behavioural and structural health promotion and violence prevention intervention for young people in informal settlements in Durban, South Africa","author":"R Jewkes","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1177\/1097184X06298778","article-title":"Measuring attitudes toward gender norms among young men in Brazil development and psychometric evaluation of the GEM scale","volume":"10","author":"J Pulerwitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Men and Masculinities"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","article-title":"The CES-D scale a self-report depression scale for research in the general population","volume":"1","author":"LS Radloff","year":"1977","journal-title":"Applied psychological measurement"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199202000-00008","article-title":"The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: validating a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder in Indochinese refugees","volume":"180","author":"RF Mollica","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Journal of nervous and mental disease"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4901_13","article-title":"The satisfaction with life scale","volume":"49","author":"E Diener","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of personality assessment"},{"key":"ref41","author":"N Bingham","year":"2010"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(96)00236-3","article-title":"A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis","volume":"49","author":"P Peduzzi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of clinical epidemiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref43","article-title":"Food insecurity, depression and the modifying role of social support among people living with HIV\/AIDS in rural Uganda","volume":"74","author":"AC Tsai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Social science & medicine"},{"key":"ref44","author":"M Hidrobo","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Global Comprehensive Review of Economic Interventions to Prevent Intimate Partner Violence and HIV Risk Behaviours Global Health Action","author":"A Gibbs","year":"2017"},{"issue":"Supp. 1","key":"ref46","first-page":"17362","article-title":"Combined structural interventions for gender equality and livelihood security: a critical review of the evidence from southern and eastern Africa and the implications for young people","volume":"15","author":"A Gibbs","year":"2012","journal-title":"JIAS"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0204956","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]],"date-time":"2018-10-22T12:34:19Z","timestamp":1540211659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0204956"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jacobus P.","family":"van Wouwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,3]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0204956","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,3]]}}}